Leadership styles in business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 988 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Leadership styles In the 21st Century Introduction With small and medium sized businesses in the UK representing around seventy percent of all businesses (see appendix fig 1), leadership style and issues play a significant role in the development and success of these businesses. Two of the most common styles employed in this sector can be described as the â€Å"Major General† and â€Å"Conductor.† Major-General leadership style This style, as the title suggests, tends to be linked to the authoritarian type of leadership that use to exist in the Military, where commands were given and expected to be obeyed without question. In an organisation that is dominated by an authoritarian leadership there tends to be a very formal delineation of both tasks and employee roles[1]. In the case of employees, each will have specific duties and boundaries within which they are expected to rigidly remain. Because of the structure of many SME’s, including a number that are sole-trader or family owned businesses, the â€Å"Major-General† type of leadership tends to be more widespread than in larger organisations. This is particularly the case where the business has held that structure for a long time. In addition, the leadership focus tends to be more upon the immediate effect of decisions made, rather than the longer-term objective[2]. They tend to have a narrower focus on business achievements as a result of the fact that they see the main beneficiaries of the business future being themselves rather than other business stakeholders, such as the employees[3]. Whilst this authoritarian style may have advantages for the consumer, in terms of identifying management, it can create problems with the workforce. The â€Å"major-general† attitude to leadership works on the theory that employee expectations match with management. However, this is not always the case. It is more likely that, because of their approach, such leaders do not understand their employee needs. Employees who feel they are not appreciated will lack the commitment to the organisation that is required to help a business achieve its future success[4]. Similarly, valuable innovative ideas and suggestions, which could be generated from a more direct employee involvement, are lost. Conductor leadership style The â€Å"conductor† leadership style is one that is more collaborative in nature, with employe e involvement and empowerment being a more important consideration, whilst at the same time there is requirement for the leader to take a positive position, in other words providing the guidance and focus to ensure the smooth running of the business. As the title suggests, they can be seen like a conductor of an orchestra, who uses their role to harmonise each individual instrument into one fluid effort. The leader in this instance will use their influence to encourage each of their employees to take an active role in their tasks within the business, being aware that each one will become a part of the whole in terms of promoting the business success and therefore contributing to the bottom line and profit[5]. This style of leadership recognises that efficient businesses are built on the foundations of effective teamwork, and that the leaders themselves are simply a part of that team. They understand that any action within the business is, as John Adair[6], a business management d escribes, a combination of three interlocking circles, being the â€Å"task, individual and team needs[7],† and that the success or failure of one will impact on the others. Such leaders are aware that if consideration of the individuals needs is not taken into account, this will affect the way that they undertake their tasks, and could result in such situations as delay, lack of quality, or other issues that can damage the success of a business. The importance of the team is also seen as a key factor in this triangle, and the task here is to ensure that, whilst individual needs are met, every employee is made aware of how their contribution affects other team member efforts. In other words, whilst each is individually important, so to is the whole, being the business itself. By these efforts, these types of leaders are more likely to achieve not only the bottom line results that they are seeking, but also an element of sustainability in these goals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Leadership styles in business" essay for you Create order Conclusion Whilst there are some instances in SME businesses that require a mixture of both of the styles discussed, in general terms the â€Å"conductor† style tends to be the more productive of the two. There are occasions when a leader, due to the nature of their position, has to make the final choice, therefore asserting his or her authority, but the effective leader will only take such a decision once they have discussed the factors with their employees, and gained the input from them. The interaction that is achieved by this method has the effect of creating a greater level of commitment from employees at all levels of the business. References Cole, G.A (1998). Management Theory and Practice. 6th Revised edition. Thomson Learning. UK. Adair, John (1986). Effective Teambuilding. Gower Publishing. UK. Gill, Roger (2006). Theory and Practice of Leadership. Sage Publications Ltd. London, UK. News Release (2006). Statistical Press Release. Department of Trade and Indust ry. London, UK. Retrieved 13 February 2007 from https://www.sbs.gov.uk/SBS_Gov_files/researchandstats/SMERegionsPressRelease.pdf Chapman, Paul (1999). Managerial Control Strategies in Small Firms. International Small Business Journal. Sage Publications, Vol 17, pp 17-82. Morden, Tony (2003) Principles of Management. Ashgate Publishing Limited. Hants, UK Appendix Figure 1 UK business type 2005 Source: Dti Statistical press release https://www.sbs.gov.uk/SBS_Gov_files/researchandstats/SMERegionsPressRelease.pdf 1 Footnotes [1] Cole, G.A (1998). Management Theory and Practice. 6th Revised edition. Thomson Learning. UK [2] Chapman, Paul (1999). Managerial Control Strategies in Small Firms. International Small Business Journal. Sage Publications, Vol 17, pp 17-82. [3] Morden, Tony (2003) Principles of Management. Ashgate Publishing Limited. Hants, UK, p503 [4] Morden, Tony (2003) Principles of Management. Ashgate Publishing Limited. Hants, UK, p503 [5] Gill, Roger (2006). Theory and Practice of Leadership. Sage Publications Ltd. London, UK, 284 [6] Adair, John (1986). Effective Teambuilding. Gower Publishing. UK. [7] Ibid 5

Socrates s Argument At 30a B Of The Apology - 1386 Words

Essay #1 In this paper I will argue that Socrates’s argument at 30a-b of the Apology that the best possible state of the soul is the most important thing in life means to eliminate false beliefs and to have virtue. Specifically, I will show why Socrates wants to eliminate false beliefs and why he insist on having virtue is important in life. Then I will demonstrate why Socrates’ argument is incorrect because he fails to identify the true catalyst that drives his happiness. I conclude Socrates’s reasoning behind his arguments are logical and sound, however he made the mistake of thinking that whatever drives his happiness will drive others as well. To understand Socrates’ remark at 30a-b of the Apology that the best possible state of the soul is the most important thing in life, one must examine the center stage of which the Apology takes place. The Apology is set at the jury when Meletus accuses Socrates of corrupting the young and being an atheist. This leads to Socrates proclaiming his belief in life, which is to live the life of a philosopher, to examine [himself] and others, [he] had abandoned [his] post for fear of death or anything else (29a). Socrates further elaborates the idea of being a philosopher is to repeatedly self-examine and eliminate all false beliefs in life, which will eventually lead to an excellent soul. The connection between philosophizing and having an excellent soul is made when Socrates conducted his own investigation by questioning reputable

Understanding the Effect of Customer Relationship Management Efforts on Customer Retention and Customer Share Development free essay sample

The results show that affective commitment and loyalty programs that provide economic incentives positively affect both customer retention and customer share development, whereas direct mailings influence customer share development. However, the effect of these variables is rather small. The results also indicate that firms can use the same strategies to affect both customer retention and customer share development. ustomer relationships have been increasingly studied in the academic marketing literature (Berry 1995; Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh 1987; Morgan and Hunt 1994; Sheth and Parvatiyar 1995). An intense interest in customer relationships is also apparent in marketing practice and is most evident in firms’ significant investments in customer relationship management (CRM) systems (Kerstetter 2001; Reinartz and Kumar 2002; Winer 2001). Customer retention rates and customer share are important metrics in CRM (Hoekstra, Leeflang, and Wittink 1999; Reichheld 1996). Customer share is defined as the ratio of a customer’s purchases of a particular category of products or services from supplier X to the customer’s total purchases of that category of products or services from all suppliers (Peppers and Rogers 1999). To maximize these metrics, firms use relationship marketing instruments (RMIs), such as loyalty programs and direct mailings (Hart et al. 1999; Roberts and Berger 1999). Firms also aim to build close relationships with customers to enhance customers’ relationship perceptions (CRPs). Although the impact of these tactics on customer retention has been reported (e. g. , Bolton 1998; Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000), there is skepticism about whether such tac- C Peter C. Verhoef is Assistant Professor of Marketing, Department of Marketing and Organization, Rotterdam School of Economics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam. The author gratefully acknowledges the financial and data support of a Dutch financial services company. The author thanks Bas Donkers, Fred Langerak, Peter Leeflang, Loren Lemon, Peeter Verlegh, Dick Wittink, and the four anonymous JM reviewers for their helpful suggestions. The author also acknowledges the comments of research seminar participants at the University of Groningen, Yale School of Management, Tilburg University, and the University of Maryland. Finally, he acknowledges his two dissertation advisers, Philip Hans Franses and Janny Hoekstra, for their enduring support. tics can succeed in developing customer share in consumer markets (Dowling 2002; Dowling and Uncles 1997). Several studies have considered the impact of CRP on either customer retention or customer share, but not on both (e. g. , Anderson and Sullivan 1993; Bolton 1998; Bowman and Narayandas 2001; De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci 2001). A few studies have considered the effect of RMIs on customer retention (e. . , Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000). In contrast, the effect of RMIs on customer share has been overlooked. Furthermore, most studies focus on customer share in a particular product category (e. g. , Bowman and Narayandas 2001). Higher sales of more of the same product or brand can increase this share; however, firms that sell multiple products or services achieve share increases by cross-selling other products. Moreover, no study has consider ed the effect of CRPs and RMIs on both customer retention and customer share. It is often assumed in the literature that the same strategies used for maximizing customer share can be used to retain customers; however, recent studies indicate that increasing customer share might require different strategies than retaining customers (Blattberg, Getz, and Thomas 2001; Bolton, Lemon, and Verhoef 2002; Reinartz and Kumar 2003). Prior studies have used self-reported, cross-sectional data that describe both CRPs and customer share (e. g. , De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci 2001). The use of such data may have led to overestimation of the considered associations because of methodological problems such as carryover and backfire effects and common method variance (Bickart 1993). Such data cannot establish a causal relationship; indeed, the argument could be made that causality works the other way (i. e. , I am loyal, therefore I like the company) (Ehrenberg 1997). Longitudinal data rather than cross-sectional data should be used to establish the causal relationship between customer share and its antecedents. Journal of Marketing Vol. 7 (October 2003), 30–45 30 / Journal of Marketing, October 2003 I have the following research objectives: First, I aim to understand the effect of CRPs and RMIs on customer retention and customer share development over time. Second, I examine whether the effect of CRPs and RMIs on customer retention and customer share development is different. My study analyzes questionnaire data on CRPs, operational data on the applied RMIs, and longitudinal data on customer retention and customer share of a (multiservice) financial service provider. Literature Review CRPs and Customer Behavior Table 1 provides an overview of studies that report the effect of CRPs on customer behavior, and it describes the dependent variables, the design and context of the study, the CRPs studied, and the effect of CRPs on behavioral customer loyalty measures (which can be self-reported or actual observed loyalty measures). Table 1 shows that the results of studies that relate CRPs to actual customer behavior are mixed. RMIs and Customer Behavior Table 2 provides an overview of the limited number of academic studies that consider the effect of RMIs. The majority of the studies have focused on loyalty or preferential treatment programs, and the results show mixed effects of these programs on customer loyalty. Despite the intensive use of direct mailings in practice, their effect on customer loyalty has almost been ignored. More important, the effect of RMIs on customer share development over time has not been investigated. tomer relationship largely depends on the applied RMIs (Bhattacharya and Bolton 2000; Christy, Oliver, and Penn 1996; De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci 2001). Moreover, because of the increasing popularity of CRM among businesses, an increasing number of firms are using RMIs. In the model, I also include customers’ past behavior in the relationship as control variables, which might capture inertia effects that are considered important determinants of customer loyalty in business-to-consumer markets (Dowling and Uncles 1997; Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon 2000). Past customer behavioral variables (e. g. , relationship age, prior customer share) can also be indicators of past behavioral loyalty, which often translates into future loyalty. Prior research suggests that the type of product purchased in the past is an indicator of future cross-selling potential (e. g. , Kamakura, Ramaswami, and Srivastava 1991). Hypotheses CRPs Relationship marketing theory and customer equity theory posit that customers’ perceptions of the intrinsic quality of the relationship (i. e. , strength of the relationship) and customers’ evaluations of a supplier’s offerings shape customers’ behavior in the relationship (Garbarino and Johnson 1999; Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon 2000; Woodruff 1997). The most prominent perception representing the strength of the relationship is (affective) commitment (Moorman, Zaltman, and Desphande 1992; Morgan and Hunt 1994). Because satisfaction and payment equity are important constructs with respect to the evaluation of a supplier’s offerings (Bolton and Lemon 1999), I included these three constructs in the model. The two categories of constructs differ in terms of both content and time orientation: Affective commitment is forward looking, whereas satisfaction and payment equity are retrospective evaluations. In the customer equity and relationship marketing literature, other CRPs that are not included in my model are often studied. Trust and brand perceptions are the most prominent of these variables (Morgan and Hunt 1994; Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon 2000). I did not include brand perceptions because the focus is on current customers. My contention is that the brand is especially significant in attracting new customers. During the relationship, the brand probably influences affective commitment (Bolton, Lemon, and Verhoef 2002). I did not include trust, because trust should be considered merely an antecedent of satisfaction and commitment (Geyskens, Steenkamp, and Kumar 1998). No direct effect on customer behavior should be expected. Affective Commitment Commitment is usually defined as the extent to which an exchange partner desires to continue a valued relationship (Moorman, Zaltman, and Desphande 1992). I focus on the affective component of commitment, that is, the psychological attachment, based on loyalty and affiliation, of one exchange partner to the other (Bhattacharya, Rao, and Glynn 1995; Gundlach, Achrol, and Mentzer 1995). Customer Relationship Management Efforts / 31 Conceptual Model Figure 1 shows the conceptual model. In this model, I consider customer retention and customer share development between two periods (T1 and T0) as the dependent variables, which are affected by CRPs and RMIs. Because I consider customer retention and customer share development as two separate processes, relationship maintenance and relationship development, the underlying hypotheses of the model explicitly predict that different constructs of CRPs, and different RMIs influence customer retention and customer share development. The rationale for this distinction is that a customer’s decision to stay in a relationship with a firm may be different from his or her incremental decision to add or drop existing products. Consistent with this notion, Blattberg, Getz, and Thomas (2001) argue that customer retention is not the same as customer share, because two firms could retain the same customer. Reinartz and Kumar (2003) suggest that relationship duration and customer share should be considered as two separate dimensions of the customer relationship. Bolton, Lemon, and Verhoef (2002) propose that the antecedents of customer retention might be different from the antecedents of cross-buying behavior. I explicitly address these differences in the hypotheses. The inclusion of CRPs as antecedents of retention and customer share development is based on relationship marketing theory, which suggests that CRPs affect behavioral customer loyalty. I included RMIs because a successful cus- TABLE 1 Overview of Studies on Effect of CRPs on Behavioral Loyalty Examples of Studies Study Design Study Context Included Perceptions (Effect) Additional Results/Comments Behavioral Loyalty Measurement Self-Reported Purchase intentions Anderson and Sullivan (1993) Morgan and Hunt (1994) Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Longitudinal Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Retailing Retailing Car market Theater visitors Satisfaction (+), commitment (–) Satisfaction (+) Commitment (+) Relationship quality (+) Satisfaction (+) Various industries Channels Benefits (+), commitment (+) Service quality (+) Experiment Various industries Satisfaction (+) 32 / Journal of Marketing, October 2003 Zeithaml, Berry, and Parasuraman (1996) Garbarino and Johnson (1999) Mittal, Kumar, and Tsiros (1999) Macintosch and Lockshin (1997) De Wulf, OdekerkenSchroder, and Iacobucci (2001) Bowman and Narayandas (2001) Cross-sectional Grocery brands Gruen, Summers, and Acito (2000) Bolton (1998) Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal Cross-sectional Professional association Telecommunications Credit card Car market Commitment (0) Satisfaction (+) Satisfaction (+), payment equity (+) Satisfaction (+) Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett (2000) Mittal and Kamakura (2001) Lemon, White, and Winer (2002) Longitudinal Entertainment Satisfaction (0) Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal Telecommunications, entertainment Credit card Financial services Satisfaction (+) Bolton and Lemon (1999) Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett (2000) Verhoef, Franses, and Hoekstra (2001) Satisfaction (+), payment equity (+) Satisfaction (0), payment equity (0) Effect depends on relationship orientation of customer Customer share Quadratic effect of satisfaction Observed Customer retention and/or relationship duration Service usage Cross-buying Effect of satisfaction enhanced by relationship age Performance differences with other firms are important Effect of satisfaction moderated by consumer characteristics Effect of satisfaction mediated by future expected service usage Payment equity positively affects satisfaction Performance differences with other firms are important Effect of satisfaction and payment equity enhanced by relationship age Effect on customer retention. Given the previous definition of affective commitment, it might be expected that this type of commitment affects customer retention positively. In line with this, researchers who relate commitment to selfreported behavior, such as purchase intentions, usually find that commitment positively affects customer loyalty (e. g. , Garbarino and Johnson 1999; Morgan and Hunt 1994). However, the appearance of such an effect has recently been questioned (Gruen, Summers, and Acito 2000; MacKenzie, Podsakoff, and Ahearne 1998). Despite this, I hypothesize the following: H1: Affective commitment positively affects customer retention. from a particular supplier (Oliver and Winer 1987). This depends on, among other things, the customer’s satisfaction level. As a consequence, customers who are more satisfied are more likely to remain customers. Thus: H3: Satisfaction positively affects customer retention. Effect on customer share development. Relationship marketing theory posits that because affectively committed customers believe they are connected to the firm, they display positive behavior toward the firm. As a consequence, affectively committed customers are less likely to patronize other firms (Dick and Basu 1994; Morgan and Hunt 1994; Sheth and Parvatiyar 1995). In other words, committed customers are more (less) likely to increase (decrease) their customer share for the focal supplier over a period of time. H2: Affective commitment positively affects customer share development over time. Effect on customer share development. Although a positive relationship between satisfaction and customer share has been demonstrated in a single product category (Bowman and Narayandas 2001), this does not necessarily imply that satisfaction also positively affects customer share development for a multiservice provider. A theoretical explanation for the absence of such an effect could be that positive evaluations of currently consumed products or services do not necessarily transfer to other offered products or services. In other words, satisfied customers are not necessarily more likely to purchase additional products or services (Verhoef, Franses, and Hoekstra 2001). Another explanation is that though customer retention relates to the focal supplier alone, customer share development also involves competing suppliers. As a result, development of a customer’s share might be affected more by the actions of competing suppliers than by the focal firm’s prior performance. Thus, I do not expect satisfaction to have a positive effect on customer share development. Payment Equity Payment equity is defined as a customer’s perceived fairness of the price paid for the firm’s products or services (Bolton and Lemon 1999, p. 73) and is closely related to the customer’s price perceptions. Payment equity is mainly affected by the firm’s pricing policy. As a result of its grounding in fairness, a firm’s payment equity also depends on competitors’ pricing polici es and the relative quality of the offered services or products. Effect on customer retention. Higher payment equity (i. e. , price perceptions) leads to greater perceived utility of the purchased products or services (Bolton and Lemon 1999). As a result of this greater perceived utility, customers should be more likely to remain with the firm. Consequently, payment equity should have a positive effect on customer retention. This is consistent with empirical studies that show that payment equity positively affects customer retention (Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000; Varuki and Colgate 2001). Thus: H4: Payment equity positively affects customer retention. Satisfaction I define satisfaction in this study as the emotional state that occurs as a result of a customer’s interactions with the firm over time (Anderson, Fornell, and Lehmann 1994; Crosby, Evans, and Cowles 1990). Szymanski and Henard’s (2001) meta-analysis shows that satisfaction has a positive impact on self-reported customer loyalty. Despite such positive results in the literature, the link between satisfaction and actual customer loyalty has been questioned (e. . , Jones and Sasser 1995). Researchers have searched for a better understanding of this link and have proposed a nonlinear relationship between satisfaction and customer behavior (e. g. , Anderson and Mittal 2000; Bowman and Narayandas 2001). Other studies have shown tha t relationship age, product usage, variety seeking, switching costs, consumer knowledge, and sociodemographics (e. g. , age, income, gender) moderate the link between satisfaction and customer loyalty (Bolton 1998; Bowman and Narayandas 2001; Capraro, Broniarczyck, and Srivastava 2003; Homburg and Giering 2001; Jones, Mothersbaugh, and Beatty 2001; Mittal and Kamakura 2001). Finally, dynamics during the relationship may also affect this link. Customers update their satisfaction levels using information gathered during new interaction experiences with the firm, and this new information may diminish the effect of prior satisfaction levels (Mazursky and Geva 1989; Mittal, Kumar, and Tsiros 1999). Effect on customer retention. Despite the apparent absence of an empirical link between satisfaction and behavioral customer loyalty, several studies show that satisfaction affects customer retention (Bolton 1998; Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000). The underlying rationale is that customers aim to maximize the subjective utility they obtain Effect on customer share development. Although I expect payment equity to have a positive effect on customer retention, I do not necessarily expect this to be true for customer share development. There are two reasons payment equity may have no effect on customer share development. First, literature on price perceptions suggests that customers with higher price perceptions are more likely to search for better prices (Lichtenstein, Ridgway, and Netemeyer 1993). Intuitively, the suggestion that such customers are less loyal makes sense. For example, customers of discounters (with high scores on price perceptions) are known to visit the greatest number of stores in their search for the best bargain. Customer Relationship Management Efforts / 33 TABLE 2 Studies on Effect of RMIs on Behavioral Loyalty Study Aggregated purchase shares Customer share Cross-sectional survey, perceptions on direct mail use — Aggregated panel data Panel design Loyalty Measure Study Design Study Context Grocery brands Retailing Results Short-term positive effect on purchase rates No effect 34 / Journal of Marketing, October 2003 No empirical data Aggregated penetration, average purchase frequency, customer share, sole buyers Purchase intentions — Retailing — Cross-sectional survey data, perceptions on loyalty program use Longitudinal Cross-sectional survey data, perceptions on preferential treatment programs Airlines Positive effect Customer retention, service usage Customer share Credit card Retailing No effect RMI Direct mail Bawa and Shoemaker (1987) De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci (2001) Loyalty programs Dowling and Uncles (1997) Sharp and Sharp (1997) No convincing effect of loyalty programs Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon (2000) Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett (2000) Positive effect on retention and service usage De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci (2001) FIGURE 1 Conceptual Model CRPs Satisfaction H3 H4 Payment equity H1 H2 Affective commitment ? Customer share T 1 T0 Customer retention T 1 T0 H6a H6b H5 Loyalty program RMIs Direct mailings Control Variables Customer share T0 Relationship age T0 Type of service purchased T0 According to this reasoning, customers with better price perceptions are more likely to decrease customer share over time. Second, as is satisfaction, a customer’s payment equity is based on the customer’s awareness of the prices of services or products purchased from the focal firm in the past (Bolton, Lemon, and Verhoef 2002). However, the prices of additional services or products from the focal supplier might be different from the currently purchased services or products. Therefore, a high payment equity score may not indicate that the customer will purchase other products or services from the same supplier. As a consequence, I do not expect payment equity to affect customer share development. RMIs Bhattacharya and Bolton (2000) suggest that RMIs are a subset of other marketing instruments that are specifically aimed at facilitating the relationship, and they distinguish between loyalty or reward programs and tailored promotions. In addition, RMIs can be classified according to Berry’s (1995) first two levels of relationship marketing. At the first level (Type I), firms use economic incentives, such as rewards and pricing discounts, to develop the relationship. At the second level (Type II), instruments include more social attributes. By using Type II instruments, firms attempt to give the customer relationship a personal touch. In this study, I focus on two specific Type I RMIs: direct mailings and loyalty programs. Direct mailings usually are personally customized offers on products or services that the customer currently does not purchase. In most cases, price discounts or other sales promotions (e. g. , gadgets) are used to entice the customer to buy. I focus on direct mailings that are a â€Å"call to action† rather than only a reinforcing mechanism for the relationship (e. g. , thank-you letters). The loyalty program I include in the study is a reward program that provides price discounts based on the number of products or services purchased and the length of the relationship. Direct Mailings Direct mailings have some unique characteristics: enablement of personalized offers, no direct competition for the attention of the customer from other advertisements, and a capacity to involve the respondent (Roberts and Berger 1999). Because direct mailings focus on creating additional sales, I do not expect them to influence customer retention. Moreover, the data do not enable me to relate direct mailings to customer retention. Effect on customer share development. There are several theoretical reasons direct mailings should positively influence customer share development. First, direct mailings can create interest in a (new) service and thereby lead to a final purchase (Roberts and Berger 1999). Second, the personalization afforded by direct mailings may increase perceived relationship quality, because customers are approached with individualized communications that appeal to their specific needs and desired manner of fulfilling them (De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci 2001; Hoekstra, Leeflang, and Wittink 1999). Third, according to the sales promotions literature, the short-term rewards (i. e. , price discounts) offered by direct mailings may motivate customers to purchase additional services and thus increase customer share. In support of this claim, Bawa and Shoemaker (1987) report short-term gains in redemption rates of direct mail coupons. I hypothesize the following: H5: Direct mailings positively affect customer share development over time. Loyalty Programs Effect on customer retention and customer share development. There are several theoretical reasons the rewardbased loyalty program being studied should positively affect both customer retention and customer share development. First, psychological investigations show that rewards can be highly motivating (Latham and Locke 1991). Research also shows that people possess a strong drive to behave in whatCustomer Relationship Management Efforts / 35 ever manner necessary to achieve future rewards (Nicholls 1989). According to Roehm, Pullins, and Roehm (2002, p. 203), it is reasonable to assume that during participation in a loyalty program, a customer might be motivated by program incentives to purchase the program sponsor’s brand repeatedly. Second, because the program’s reward structure usually depends on prior customer behavior, loyalty programs can provide barriers to customers’ switching to another supplier. For example, when the reward structure depends on the length of the relationship, customers are less likely to switch (because of a time lag before the same level of rewards can be received from another supplier). It is well known that switching costs are an important antecedent of customer loyalty (Dick and Basu 1994; Klemperer 1995). Despite the theoretical arguments in favor of the positive effect of loyalty programs on customer retention and customer share development, several researchers have questioned this effect (e. g. , Dowling and Uncles 1997; Sharp and Sharp 1997). In contrast, Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett (2000) and Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon (2000) show that loyalty programs have a significant, positive effect on customer retention and/or service usage. In this study, I build on the theoretical argument in favor of the positive effect that loyalty programs have on customer retention and customer share development. H6: Loyalty program membership positively affects (a) customer retention and (b) customer share development. products, and customer characteristics. In the second (T1) survey, I collected data on customer ownership of various insurance products. Although the company whose data I used offers other products, such as loans, I limited the study to the category of insurance products. The rationale for this limitation is that customers usually buy each type of insurance product from a single insurance carrier (i. e. insurance type X [life insurance] from insurance carrier Y [i. e. , Allianz Life Company]), but this does not necessarily hold for other financial products or services. For example, it is well known that many customers have savings accounts at several financial institutions. Moreover, the insurance market is the most important market for this company in terms of the number of customers and customer turnover (approximately 90%). As a result of this choice, the sample is restricted to those customers who purchase insurance products only from the company. This resulted in a usable sample size of 1677 customers for the first measurement (T0) and 918 for the second measurement (T1). Contents of the Company Customer Database The company’s customer database provided data on the past behavior of individual customers and the company RMIs directed at individual customers. The past customer behavior data cover two periods. The first period starts at the beginning of a relationship between the company and the customer and ends at T0 (this period differs among customers). The data on past customer behavior included variables such as number of insurance policies purchased, type of insurance policies purchased, and relationship length. The second period covers the interval between T0 and T1. For this period, the database provided data about which customers left the company and the number of company insurance policies a customer owned at T1. The company’s customer database contains the following information on RMIs: loyalty program membership at T0 and the number of direct mailings sent between T0 and T1. Every customer who purchases one or more financial Research Methodology Research Design I combined survey data from customers of a Dutch financial services company with data from that company’s customer database. I used a panel design, displayed in Figure 2, to collect the data. I collected the survey data at two points in time: T0 and T1. I used the first (T0) survey to measure CRPs of the company, customer ownership of various insurance FIGURE 2 Panel Design Data from Customer Database Start of Relationship T 0 (Survey 1 Among Customers) T 1 (Survey 2 Among Customers Interviewed in Survey 1) 6 / Journal of Marketing, October 2003 services from the company can become a member of the loyalty program (an opt-in program). At the end of each year, the program gives customers a monetary reward based on the num ber of services purchased and the age of the relationship. Because the company uses regression-type models to select the customers with the highest probability of responding to direct mailings, the number of direct mailings sent differs among customers. Customer Survey Data Collection At T0, customer survey data were collected by telephone from a random sample of 6525 customers of the company. A quota sampling approach was used to obtain a representative sample. I received data from 2300 customers (35% response rate). After those responses with too many missing values were deleted, a sample size of 1986 customers remained. At T1, I again collected data from those customers, except for those who left the company between T0 and T1. In the second data collection effort, 1128 customers were willing to cooperate (65% response rate). To assess nonresponse bias at T1, I tested whether respondents and nonrespondents differed significantly with respect to customer share at T0. A ttest does not reveal a significant difference (p = . 36). Thus, I conclude that there is no nonresponse bias. Measurement of CRPs For the measurement of CRPs (i. e. affective commitment, satisfaction, and payment equity), I adapted existing scales to fit the context of financial services. For the affective commitment scale, I adapted items from the studies of Anderson and Weitz (1992), Garbarino and Johnson (1999), and Kumar, Scheer, and Steenkamp (1995). To measure satisfac tion, I adapted Singh’s (1990) scale and added four new items. Finally, I based the payment equity scale on items adapted from Bolton and Lemon’s (1999) and Singh’s (1990) studies. To assess construct validity and clarify wording, the original scales were tested by a group of 12 marketing academics and 3 marketing practitioners familiar with customer relationships. Subsequently, the scales were tested by a random sample of 200 customers of the company. On the basis of interitem correlations, item-to-total correlations, coefficient alpha, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, I reduced the set of items in each scale. 1 1I follow Steenkamp and van Trijp’s (1991) proposed method, using exploratory factor analysis and then confirmatory factor analysis to validate marketing constructs. Validation of CRPs The final measures are reported in the Appendix. The scales for commitment and satisfaction have reasonable coefficient alphas. For payment equity, I report a correlation coefficient of . 49, which is not considerably high. 2 However, note that the reported composite reliabilities of all scales are sufficient (Bagozzi and Yi 1988). I applied confirmatory factor analysis in Lisrel 83 to further assess the quality of the measures (Joreskog and Sorbom 1993), and I achieved the following model fit: ? 2 = 217. 4 (degrees of freedom [d. f. ]) = 51, p . 10; ? = . 03, p gt; . 10; customer share development: ? = . 01, p gt; . 10; ? = –. 01, p gt; . 10). In addition, I reestimated both models, leaving out satisfaction and payment equity. The parameter estimates for commitment were significant in both models (customer retention: ? = . 17, p lt; . 05; customer share development: ? = . 02, p lt; . 01). Finally, I estimated a regression model in which I related satisfaction and payment equity to commitment. The parameters of both satisfaction and payment equity were positive and significant (? = . 61, p lt; . 01; ? = . 09, p

Business Policy And Strategy free essay sample

My company is a wellness business. We are into the business as a result of the need for an alternative medicine. We use touch and other therapeutics technique to effect changes in the body for relaxations and healing. What is your company’s strategic intent? The company’s strategic intent is management action plan for competing successfully and operating profitably based on an integrated array of considered choices like action to gain sales and market share with lower prizes based on lower costs, actions to capture emerging market opportunities, and so on What are your company’s financial objectives? Financial objectives of my company, relates to the financial performance targets, that management has establish for the company as follows. †¢ Target to increase annual revenue †¢ Target to increase after tax profit †¢ Target to increase bond and credit rating †¢ Target to have internal cash flow to fund new capital investment. †¢ Target to increase profit margin. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Policy And Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What are your company’s strategic objectives? Our company’s strategic of objectives includes. Achieving lower overall cost than rivals. †¢ Overtaking key competitors on products performance or quality customer service. Having broader or deeper technological capabilities than rivals. †¢ Having a wide products line than rivals. †¢ Having a better known or more powerful brand name than rivals. †¢ Having stronger national or global sales and distribution capabilities than rivals. †¢ Consistently getting new or improved products to markets ahead of rivals. †¢ We mean a good percentage of market share. What are the three or four key elements of your company’s strategy? Four of my company’s key strategies are: †¢ How to outcompete rivals. †¢ How to respond to changing economic and markets conditions and capitalize on growth opportunities. How to manage each functional piece of the business for example, RD, supply chain activities, production, sales and marketing , distribution, finance, and human resources. †¢ How to improve the company’s financial and market performance. †¢ Write a vision statement for your company and refer to Table 2. 1 for dos and don’ts. †¢ The vision statement of my company is the management aspiration to stakeholder that will help steer the energies of company personal in a common direction which delineates the company’s strategic course and longtime direction. The dos are: Be graphic, Paint a clear picture of where the company is headed and the market position(s) the company is striving to stake out. †¢ Keep vision statement focused. Be specific enough to provide managers with guidance in making decisions and allocating resources. †¢ Have some wiggle room. †¢ Be sure the journey is visible. †¢ Indicate why the directional path makes good business sense. †¢ Make it memorable. The don’ts are: †¢ Don’t be vague or incomplete. Never skimp on specifics about there the company is headed or how the company intends to prepare for the future. †¢ Don’t dwell on the present. Vision is not about what a company once did or does now; it’s about where we are going. †¢ Don’t use overly broad language †¢ Don’t state the vision in bland or uninspiring terms. †¢ Don’t be genetic. †¢ Don’t rely on superlatives only. †¢ Don’t run on and on. Create a slogan that captures the essence of your strategic vision and helps communicate the visions to company personnel, shareholders and other stakeholders. â€Å"Good health makes all the difference† We offer our customers massage in a relaxed atmosphere for the healing of mind and body. We have a world class trained personal with disciple and dedication to clients.

1984 by George Orwell free essay sample

Marxism In the Novel 1984 Throughout time, rulers and controlling governments have used the ideas of Marxism to take and maintain control over the working class. Even today ideas such as classism and commodification are used in countries such as North Korea and Syria to help governments rule over their citizens. In George Orwell’s 1984 the ideas of Marxism are used to oppress proletariats. The Party tricks the citizens of Oceania into thinking that their propaganda benefits the working class, classism is used as a means of allowing the Party and its associates more power and control than the average citizen, and people under the Party’s rule are commoditized physically and psychologically so as to not questions their totalitarian government. Through the use of propaganda, the Party has tricked its citizens into believing that their controlling ways benefit proletariats, when in fact they only allow this oppressive government even more power. We will write a custom essay sample on 1984 by George Orwell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Party uses the Ministry of Truth to reconstruct the media as well as literature past and present so that all information available to the public provides a positive image of the government. 1 â€Å"And the Ministry had not only to supply the multifarious needs of the Party, but also to repeat the whole operation [of reconstructing media and literature] at a lower level for the benefit of the proletariat. † (Orwell, 45). The Ministry of Truth reconstructs the media and literature as a means of meeting and exceeding the Party’s needs as well as to sneakily trick proletariats into oppression. In addition, Junior Spies is sold to the adults of Oceania as a program to better raise their children when it is in fact the Party’s way to condition future generations to not turn against them as well as to monitor and report anybody who shows disloyalty to the government. 2 â€Å"Nearly all children nowadays were horrible. What was worst of all was that by means of such organizations as the Spies they were systematically turned into ungovernable little savages, and yet this produced in them no tendency whatever to rebel against the discipline of the Party. † (Orwell, 26). Junior Spies creates miniature mind-controlled monsters that obey anything told to them by the Party, even if it means turning on their own families, while the parents of these children are tricked into believing that their children are benefiting from this life-sucking program. Via the use of organizations such as the Ministry of Truth and Junior Spies, the Party has made their citizens believe that propaganda is beneficial to proletariats when it in fact controls every aspect of their lives. Classism is used by the Party to provide those at the top of the government more power than the average citizen, leading to their oppression. By being forced into poverty, the people of Oceania have been placed into a lower class and oppressed by those at the top of the Party. 3 â€Å"Winston wrenched his body out of bed – naked, for a member of the Outer Party received only three thousand clothing coupons annually, and a suit of pyjamas was six hundred – and seized a dingy singlet and a pair of shorts that were lying across a chair. † (Orwell, 33). The tiny amount of currency provided by the Party to its citizens doesn’t allow for people to purchase quality supplies and resources, demoralizing the public and allowing them to easily become oppressed victims of classism. Even those who work for the government are politically disenfranchised and have no idea that their work is helping to further strengthen those who are already politically powerful. 4 â€Å"It was therefore necessary to rewrite a paragraph of Big Brothers’ speech, in such a way as to make him predict the thing that had actually happened. † (Orwell, 41). A politically weak Winston doesn’t understand the full effects of rewriting one paragraph so that it shows Big Brother – the leader of the Party – as correct on a speech concerning an issue involving a war that Oceania was involved in. By rewriting this speech Winston makes Big Brother look more credible and allows him an easy opportunity to gain more political power, creating more class distinction and greater oppression from the Party. Being both financially and politically powerless, the average people of Oceania are clearly in a lower social class than those at the top of the Party and are forced to lead strictly controlled lives. The physical and psychological commoditization of the citizens of Oceania prevents anybody from questioning the actions of their totalitarian government. The feelings of hatred created within people by the Party are channelled into intense protests against the Partys’ enemies called â€Å"Two Minutes Hate†. These protests cause people to forget about the constant fear that they are under because of the Party, and instead fear their governments’ enemies and obey Big Brother as a means of protection. 5 â€Å"The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but that it was impossible to avoid joining it. † (Orwell, 16). The Two Minutes Hate being impossible to avoid joining despite not being mandatory illustrates further the hatred and fear instilled in the citizens of Oceania by the Party and how these terrible feelings are turned drastically in favour of the government by being redirected at political enemies which may not even exist. The dependence on the government that this manipulation creates prevents anybody from questioning the actions of Big Brother and turns peoples’ feelings into something of use, advantage, and profit for the Party, which by definition makes them a commodity. Also, the Party uses torture to convince any citizens who show a lack of loyalty that nothing is more powerful than physical pain, which gives the Party control over people’s actions – making their bodies a commodity. 6 â€Å"At the time when it happens you do mean it. You think there’s no other way of saving yourself and you’re quite ready to save yourself that way. You want it to happen to the other person. You don’t give a damn what they suffer. All you care about is yourself. † (Orwell, 305). Julia says this to Winston, explaining that the Party had used physical torture to turn the two of them against each other and that all they cared about in that moment of pain was themselves. With enough physical torture people can be rid of all emotions towards anybody else, making them easy to psychologically manipulate and then physically control as Winston was. With the Party having physical control over them, the bodies of the citizens of Oceania become the commodity of the Party. With their bodies and minds as commodities of the Party, nobody could question the reign of Big Brother, oppressing the proletariats of Oceania. In Orwell’s 1984 the Party oppresses the proletariats of its society through the ideas of Marxism. The Party clearly uses propaganda as a means of control, but convinces citizens that this propaganda in fact benefits the working class. This propaganda creates class distinctions, which allow for classism to be used as a means of increasing the power held by the government of Oceania over its people. Being made totally powerless, the Party then psychologically and physically transforms the proletariats into their commodities. Orwell provides us with warnings about the dangers of ppressive forms of government such as Marxism and totalitarianism by showing us the worst-case scenario of a government that has taken absolute power over its citizens. To avoid making the mistakes made in countries such as North Korea and Syria, everybody must understand the dangers of controlling governments. Once people truly know how bad the situations in countries under this type of rule can be, eve ryone as a whole will be able to make a strong effort towards putting an end to this oppression and bringing peace to powerless proletariats everywhere. Works Cited 1 Orwell, George. Operation of Reconstructing Literature† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 45. 2 Orwell, George. â€Å"Children Turned Into Savages† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 26. 3 Orwell, George. â€Å"Very Few Clothes for Members of Outer Party† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 33. 4 Orwell, George. â€Å"Rewriting Newspaper Article to Benefit Big Brother† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 41. 5 Orwell, George. â€Å"Impossible to Avoid Joining Two Minutes Hate† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 16. 6 Orwell, George. â€Å"People Only Care About Themselves† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 305. 1984 By George Orwell free essay sample # 8211 ; With Outline Essay, Research Paper 1984 by George Orwell OutlineThesis Statement- This paper will analyze how George Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against totalitarianism.I IntroductionII Summary of 1984III Functions of major Charters A. Large Brother B. Winston C. O # 8217 ; Brien D. Julia E. Shop ownerIV Propaganda A. Ministry of Truth B. Ministry of LoveV Orwell # 8217 ; s ideas on Dictatorship A. From life experiences B. From a authors point of viewVI Decision Introduction # 8220 ; Orwell observed that every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written straight or indirectly, against dictatorship and for democratic socialism, as I understand it # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . George Orwell has been a major subscriber to anticommunist literature around the World War II period. Orwell lived in England during World War II, a clip when the dictatorship province, Nazi Germany, was at war with England and destroyed the metropolis of London. # 8221 ; I know that constructing # 8217 ; said Winston eventually. We will write a custom essay sample on 1984 By George Orwell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its a ruin now. It # 8217 ; s in the center of the street outside the Palace of Justice. # 8217 ; That # 8217 ; s right. Outside the Law Courts. It was bombed in-oh many old ages ago # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Orwell 83 ) . This reflects Orwell # 8217 ; s ain life experiences as a citizen in war lacerate England and how he uses this in 1984. George Orwell is celebrated for two major novels which attack dictatorship. The first is Animal Farm a sarcasm depicting the leaders of the Soviet Union as animate beings on an carnal farm. The 2nd novel is 1984 a narrative of dictators who are in complete control of a big portion of the universe after the Allies lost in World War II. The authorities in this fresh gives no freedoms to its citizens. They live in fright because they are afraid of holding bad ideas about the authorities of Oceania, a offense punishable by decease. This is the treasure in Orwell # 8217 ; s aggregation of novels against dictatorship. This paper will demo how George O rwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against dictatorship. 1984 is about life in a universe where no personal freedoms exist. Winston the chief character, is a adult male of 39 who is non extraordinary in either intelligence or character, but is disgusted with the universe he lives in. He works in the Ministry of Truth, a topographic point where history and the truth is rewritten to suit the party # 8217 ; s beliefs. Winston is cognizant of the falsehoods, because he makes them true. This makes him really upset with the authorities of Oceania, where Big Brother, a larger than life figure, controls the people. His dissatisfaction additions to a point where he rebels against the authorities in little ways. Winston # 8217 ; s first act of rebellion is purchasing and composing in a diary. This act is known as a idea offense and is punishable by decease. A thought offense is any bad idea against the authorities of Oceania. Winston commits many thought offenses and becomes paranoid about being caught, which he knows is inevitable ( Greenblast 113 ) . He becomes paranoid because he is followed by a immature adult female who is actively involved in many community groups. Winston is obsessed with the yesteryear, a clip before Oceania was under rigorous absolutism. He goes into an old-timer store and buys a shell covered in glass which is another offense punishable by decease. He sees the same adult female following him. Many ideas race through his head # 8220 ; I wanted to ravish you and so slaying you afterwards. Two hebdomads ago I thought earnestly of nailing your caput in with a sett. If you truly want to cognize, I imagined that you had something to make with the Thought Police # 8221 ; ( Orwell 101 ) . The miss who was following him slipped him a note while at work. The note said # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; ( 90 ) . They make programs to run into each other and carry on an illegal love matter. This love matter is another rebellion against the authorit ies. It goes on for some clip. Winston rents a room where he and Julia can be secluded from the outside universe. They meet a adult male named O # 8217 ; Brien who indicates that he is another radical. Winston and Julia go to his house to run into with him. O # 8217 ; Brien gives than a incendiary book to read. Soon after that, they are caught by the Thought Police and neer see each other once more. O # 8217 ; Brien, becomes Winston # 8217 ; s rehabilitator and torturer for the following 9 months. O # 8217 ; Brien tortures Winston in phases. The first two phases are to coerce the party # 8217 ; s beliefs on him so learn and understand what is expected of him. In the 3rd phase, Winston is made to confront what he in secret fears most, rats eating his face. After being wholly rehabilitated by O # 8217 ; Brien, Winston now loves the constitution and the authorities. He is set free. Large Brother is the front man of a authorities that has entire control. The Big Brother governmen t uses propaganda and puts fear in its citizens to maintain the general population in line. # 8220 ; Big Brother is watching you # 8221 ; ( Orwell 5 ) is merely one illustration of many party mottos that puts fright in its citizens. Large Brother uses assorted ways to catch people guilty of bad ideas # 8220 ; In the universe of 1984 the autocrat Big Brother does use a huge ground forces of betrayers called thought constabularies, who watch every citizen at all times for the least marks of condemnable divergence which may dwell merely of irregular ideas # 8221 ; ( 112 ) . Winston Smith represents Orwell # 8217 ; s view on dictatorship. Winston Rebels against the authorities of Oceania by get downing a diary and invariably holding bad ideas against the authorities. # 8220 ; Winston knows that he is doomed from the minute he has his first dissident idea. The tensenesss of the fresh concerns how long he can remain alive and whether it is possible for Winston to decease without men tally bewraying his rebellion # 8221 ; ( Greenblast 115 ) . Winston starts composing in a diary for two grounds. The first is that he wants to be able to retrieve the day-to-day happenings in the universe. In 1984, the memory of persons, is efficaciously manipulated, programmed, and controlled from the exterior by the party ( Kolakowski 127 ) . People don # 8217 ; t know what they are consciously retrieving and what is told to them. # 8220 ; The party had invented aeroplanes # 8221 ; ( Orwell 127 ) is merely one illustration of the party # 8217 ; s propaganda and false statements that change every twenty-four hours. The other ground for the journal is so that people in the hereafter will be able to read what went on during Winston # 8217 ; s clip and to state them about his day-to-day contemplations on his feelings about the party. These are the same grounds why Orwell wrote 1984. He wanted to expose a communist state ( the Soviet Union ) . The specific political intent that h ad aro used Orwell # 8217 ; s sense of urgency was his desire to detonate the myth of the Soviet Union as the paradigm of the socialist province. He besides wanted to expose the dangers of dictatorship, which the devaluation of nonsubjective truth, and the systematic use of the common people through propaganda ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . O # 8217 ; Brien is an source to Big Brother. He is non who he seems to be. He appears to Winston as a fellow plotter, but really becomes Winston # 8217 ; s torturer and rehabilitator. O # 8217 ; Brien and the party can # 8217 ; t digest Winston # 8217 ; s treachery of the authorities. O # 8217 ; Brien tells his victim: You are a defect in the form, Winston. You are a discoloration that must be wiped out # 8230 ; It is unbearable that an erroneous idea should be anyplace in the universe, nevertheless secret and powerless it may be. ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . In fact, the party can # 8217 ; t grok his incredulity and must alter his ideas through anguish and brainwash. # 8220 ; You will be hollow. We shall squash you empty and so we shall make full you with ourselves # 8221 ; ( Orwell 200 ) . O # 8217 ; Brien represents the nucleus of Communist or totalitarian regulation, doing the victims suffer by utilizing brainwashing to command them. O # 8217 ; Brien besides tells Winston what he should experience about Big Brother when Winston is at his lowest point mentally and physically. O # 8217 ; Brien # 8217 ; s addresss to the broken Winsto N Smith in the Thought Polices # 8217 ; torture chamber represents for Orwell the nucleus of our century # 8217 ; s political hideousness. Although O # 8217 ; Brien says that power seeks power and needs no ideological alibi. he does in fact explain to his victim what this power is ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Julia is considered a sexual pervert in the laden universe of 1984. In a normal universe sex is free, in 1984 it # 8217 ; s a forbidden act merely allowed for reproduction intents to maintain the party # 8217 ; s Numberss changeless. Julia has been sexually active since her teenage old ages. # 8220 ; She had had her foremost love matter when she was 16, with a party member of 60 # 8221 ; ( Orwell 109 ) . Love and sex is non allowed in this totalitarian province so Julia has to look every bit pure as possible so that she does non demo any guilt. # 8220 ; You thought I was a good party member, pure in word and title. Banners, emanations, mottos, games, community hikings all that material. And you [ Winston ] thought that if I had a one-fourth of a opportunity I # 8217 ; d denounce you as a thought felon and acquire you killed off # 8221 ; ( 101 ) . The proprietor of the old-timer store is another illustration of person looking to be what he is non. Orwell uses the store proprietor to exemplify a point. Orwell shows that no 1 can be trusted in a totalitarian state. Person who appears to be your friend will reall y turn you in and have you killed. The store proprietor appears to be an old widowman who enjoys holding conversations with Winston Smith. Throughout the book it can be seen that looks can be lead oning. He is really a member of the Thought Police and gets a good laugh when Winston and Julia acquiring caught. Now all he can make is wait for his following victim to come in his shop. The Ministry of Truth is a topographic point where history and facts # 8211 ; important and undistinguished are rewritten to reflect the party # 8217 ; s Utopian beliefs. They exhaustively destroy the records of the yesteryear ; they print up new, up to-date editions of old newspapers and books ; and they know corrected versions will be replaced by another, re-corrected one. Their end is to do people bury everything- facts, words, dead people, the names of topographic points. How far they win in killing the yesteryear is non to the full established in Orwell # 8217 ; s description ; clearly they try di fficult and they score impressive consequences. The ideal of complete limbo may non hold been reached, yet farther advancement is to be expressed ( Kolakowski 126 ) . Winston and Julia are workers at the Ministry of Truth. Winston gets more mentally involved in his work than Julia. # 8220 ; Winston Smith and his chaps at the Ministry of Truth spend their yearss rewriting the yesteryear: Most of the stuff you were covering with had no connexion with anything in the existent universe, non even the sort of connexion that is contained in a direct prevarication # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Winston is non as strong mentally as Julia. His work affects him more. The Ministry of Truth is like a totalitarian state, because it has ways to frighten its citizens. People guilty of offenses are erased from holding of all time existed. # 8220 ; Your name was removed from the registries, every record of your being was denied and so bury # 8221 ; ( Orwell 19 ) . Agai n people were taken off without any rights. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; there was no test no study of apprehension # 8221 ; ( 19 ) . The existent intent of the Ministry of Truth is to distribute prevarications and to hold control over its citizens utilizing memory wipe outing techniques. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the differentiation between true and false in their usual significance has disappea ruddy. This is the great cognitive victory of dictatorship: it can non be accused of lying any longer since it has succeeded in abrogating the really thought of truth ( Kolakowski 127 ) . These same control techniques are used by totalitarian states that seek control over at that place citizens. The Ministry of Truth is a complete contradiction of itself. A Ministry of Truth should non alter past happenings or say people neer existed. It should represent the truth and non wipe out records of the being of people. The Ministry of Love is where all felons are tortured, rehabilitated, so put free or killed. Equally shortly as Winston is captured he knows he is traveling to the Ministry of Love. The Ministry of Love was the truly scaring one. There were no Windowss in it at all. Winston had neer been inside the Ministry of Love, nor within half a kilometre of it. It was a topographic point impossible to come in except on offical concern, and so merely by perforating throu gh a labyrinth of barbed-wire webs, steel doors, and concealed machine-gun nests. Even the streets taking up to its outer barriers were roamed by gorilla-faced guards in black uniforms, armed with jointed nightsticks ( Orwell 8 ) . In a totalitarian province something resembling a Ministry of Love is common topographic point. It # 8217 ; s a topographic point where the authorities can bring down hurting on its topics for offenses large and little. That is how totalitarian states maintain, power over their citizens # 8211 ; by fright of hurting. The name Ministry of Love is a contradiction of itself. Its name shows a feeling of love and heat, but in actuality it # 8217 ; s the complete antonym. It # 8217 ; s a topographic point of hatred and hurting and is cold and dark. A better name for it would be the Ministry of Hate. George Orwell lived during a clip when Europe was in a period of reconstructing after World War II. During that clip Soviets gained six states as orbiters. England was incapacitated and had to worry about their ain jobs and had to watch the Soviet Union take control of half of Germany. The leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin, closely resembles Big Brother. They were both larger than life figures in there several states. In the Soviet Union you could easy hold found big postings with Stalin # 8217 ; s face on them. The same holds true in 1984 ; Big Brother # 8217 ; s face is everyplace. A celebrated quotation mark from 1984 is # 8220 ; Big Brother is watching you # 8221 ; ( Orwell 5 ) . Meaning if his Thought Police don # 8217 ; t catch you, his telescreens and concealed m ikes would. In the Soviet Union, Stalin # 8217 ; s K.G.B. sought felons who plotted against the authorities. In Stalin # 8217 ; s government over 10 million people were killed. In 1984 100s of felons were killed daily. Another facet of the 1940 # 8217 ; s were the new broadcast T.V. # 8217 ; s and mainframe computing machines. The new engineerings could be used for agencies of control. Orwell saw communist states utilizing these engineerings for control ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . This is where Orwell # 8217 ; s thought of telescreens and concealed mikes came from. Before World War II, Orwell had his worst brush with Communists. While Orwell was in the Spanish Civil War, he was running off from Soviet Communists who were seeking to kill him. After that experience he got out of the ground forces and became a author full clip. # 8220 ; Another daze to Orwell was when the Nazi-Soviet treaty signaled the dislocation and the beginning of the mental and emotional provinc e out of which grew Animal Farm and 1984 # 8243 ; ( Greenblast 105 ) . Orwell may of hold extracted what he saw in his universe while composing but it was done to acquire people # 8217 ; s attending of jobs in the bing universe. # 8220 ; Orwell # 8217 ; s primary intent is to falsify upseting conditions inclinations and wonts of idea that he saw bing in the universe # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Orwell saw, the whole universe steadily traveling toward a huge ruthless dictatorship. He felt nil could halt it # 8217 ; s monstrous advancement. 1984, in malice of its scene in the hereafter, is non chiefly a Utopian phantasy vaticinating what the universe will be like in 30 or 40 old ages but a novel about what the universe is like now ( Greenblast 112 ) . Orwell ever relates characters in his books to points of position and existent people. In Animal Farm every farm animate being represents a individual in the Soviet Union. In 1984, Orwell represents his point of position in Winston. He shows a totalitarian leader, in O # 8217 ; Brien and Big Brother, while Julia is the desire and lecherousness in every human being. George Orwell had deep bitterness against dictatorship and what it stood for. He saw the job of dictatorship in his existing universe. He besides understood how the job could maturate and go larger due to instability in Europe # 8217 ; s economic system after World War II. He intentionally makes the narrative, 1984, unrealistic and blown out of proportion to capture people # 8217 ; s attending and do them believe possibly it wouldn # 8217 ; t be unrealistic in the close hereafter. With his deep bitterness toward dictatorship it became the focal point of his novels. George Orwell # 8217 ; s, novels were directed toward against dictatorship and for Socialism and what it stood for. 1984, Andrews, Paul. # 8220 ; 1984 Plus 10. # 8221 ; The Seattle Times 6 March 1994: A1+ . Black, David. # 8220 ; Wider Still and Wider # 8221 ; European 25 October 1991: 8-9. Daley, Alan L. George Orwell, Writer and Critic of Modern Society. Charlottesville: Samhar Press, 1974. Deutscher, Isaac. # 8220 ; 1984-The Mysticsm of Cruelty. # 8221 ; George Orwell, A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 119- 132. # 8220 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; Detecting Writers. 1993 erectile dysfunction. Gale Research Inc. , 1993. Greenblast, Stephen J. # 8220 ; Orwell as Satirist. # 8221 ; George Orwell, ACollection Of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 103-118. Huber, Peter. # 8220 ; Bye -Bye, Big Brother. # 8221 ; National Review 15 August 1994: 48-50. Kolakowski, Leszek. # 8220 ; Totalitarianism and the virtuousness of the Lie. # 8221 ; 1984 Revisited, Totalitarianism In Our Century. Ed. Irving Howe. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 122-136. Leyden, Peter. # 8220 ; On the Digital Age: Dawn of a Second Renaissance # 8221 ; Star Tribune 25 June 1995: 1t+ . Orwell, George. 1984. New York: The New American Library Inc. , 1983. Reilly, Patrick. Nineteen Eighty-Four, Past, Present, and Future. Boston G.K. Hall and Co. , 1989. Stansky, Peter and William Abrahams. Orwell: The Transformation. London: Gramala Publishing Limited, 1981. Tucker, Robert C. # 8220 ; Does Big Brother Really Exist? # 8221 ; 1984 Revisited, Totalitarianism In Your Century. Ed. Irving Howe, New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 89-103. Verity, John W. # 8220 ; Why Big Brother Isn # 8217 ; t Watching You. # 8221 ; Business Week 9 January, 1995: 15- 16. Weight, Richard. # 8220 ; Return To Albion, Intellectuals in Wartime Britain. # 8221 ; History Today. December 1994: 37-43. OutlineThesis Statement- This paper will analyze how George Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against totalitarianism.I IntroductionII Summary of 1984III Functions of major Charters A. Large Brother B. Winston C. O # 8217 ; Brien D. Julia E. Shop ownerIV Propaganda A. Ministry of Truth B. Ministry of LoveV Orwell # 8217 ; s ideas on Dictatorship A. From life experiences B. From a authors point of viewVI Decision Introduction # 8220 ; Orwell observed that every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written straight or indirectly, against dictatorship and for democratic socialism, as I understand it # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . George Orwell has been a major subscriber to anticommunist literature around the World War II period. Orwell lived in England during World War II, a clip when the dictatorship province, Nazi Germany, was at war with England and destroyed the metropolis of London. # 8221 ; I know that constructing # 8217 ; said Winston eventually. Its a ruin now. It # 8217 ; s in the center of the street outside the Palace of Justice. # 8217 ; That # 8217 ; s right. Outside the Law Courts. It was bombed in-oh many old ages ago # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Orwell 83 ) . This reflects Orwell # 8217 ; s ain life experiences as a citizen in war lacerate England and how he uses this in 1984. George Orwell is celebrated for two major novels which att ack dictatorship. The first is Animal Farm a sarcasm depicting the leaders of the Soviet Union as animate beings on an carnal farm. The 2nd novel is 1984 a narrative of dictators who are in complete control of a big portion of the universe after the Allies lost in World War II. The authorities in this fresh gives no freedoms to its citizens. They live in fright because they are afraid of holding bad ideas about the authorities of Oceania, a offense punishable by decease. This is the treasure in Orwell # 8217 ; s aggregation of novels against dictatorship. This paper will demo how George Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against dictatorship. 1984 is about life in a universe where no personal freedoms exist. Winston the chief character, is a adult male of 39 who is non extraordinary in either intelligence or character, but is disgusted with the universe he lives in. He works in the Ministry of Truth, a topographic point where history and the truth is rewritten to suit the p arty # 8217 ; s beliefs. Winston is cognizant of the falsehoods, because he makes them true. This makes him really upset with the authorities of Oceania, where Big Brother, a larger than life figure, controls the people. His dissatisfaction additions to a point where he rebels against the authorities in little ways. Winston # 8217 ; s first act of rebellion is purchasing and composing in a diary. This act is known as a idea offense and is punishable by decease. A thought offense is any bad idea against the authorities of Oceania. Winston commits many thought offenses and becomes paranoid about being caught, which he knows is inevitable ( Greenblast 113 ) . He becomes paranoid because he is followed by a immature adult female who is actively involved in many community groups. Winston is obsessed with the yesteryear, a clip before Oceania was under rigorous absolutism. He goes into an old-timer store and buys a shell covered in glass which is another offense punishable by decease. H e sees the same adult female following him. Many ideas race through his head # 8220 ; I wanted to ravish you and so slaying you afterwards. Two hebdomads ago I thought earnestly of nailing your caput in with a sett. If you truly want to cognize, I imagined that you had something to make with the Thought Police # 8221 ; ( Orwell 101 ) . The miss who was following him slipped him a note while at work. The note said # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; ( 90 ) . They make programs to run into each other and carry on an illegal love matter. This love matter is another rebellion against the authorities. It goes on for some clip. Winston rents a room where he and Julia can be secluded from the outside universe. They meet a adult male named O # 8217 ; Brien who indicates that he is another radical. Winston and Julia go to his house to run into with him. O # 8217 ; Brien gives than a incendiary book to read. Soon after that, they are caught by the Thought Police and neer see each other once mo re. O # 8217 ; Brien, becomes Winston # 8217 ; s rehabilitator and torturer for the following 9 months. O # 8217 ; Brien tortures Winston in phases. The first two phases are to coerce the party # 8217 ; s beliefs on him so learn and understand what is expected of him. In the 3rd phase, Winston is made to confront what he in secret fears most, rats eating his face. After being wholly rehabilitated by O # 8217 ; Brien, Winston now loves the constitution and the authorities. He is set free. Large Brother is the front man of a authorities that has entire control. The Big Brother government uses propaganda and puts fear in its citizens to maintain the general population in line. # 8220 ; Big Brother is watching you # 8221 ; ( Orwell 5 ) is merely one illustration of many party mottos that puts fright in its citizens. Large Brother uses assorted ways to catch people guilty of bad ideas # 8220 ; In the universe of 1984 the autocrat Big Brother does use a huge ground forces of betra yers called thought constabularies, who watch every citizen at all times for the least marks of condemnable divergence which may dwell merely of irregular ideas # 8221 ; ( 112 ) . Winston Smith represents Orwell # 8217 ; s view on dictatorship. Winston Rebels against the authorities of Oceania by get downing a diary and invariably holding bad ideas against the authorities. # 8220 ; Winston knows that he is doomed from the minute he has his first dissident idea. The tensenesss of the fresh concerns how long he can remain alive and whether it is possible for Winston to decease without mentally bewraying his rebellion # 8221 ; ( Greenblast 115 ) . Winston starts composing in a diary for two grounds. The first is that he wants to be able to retrieve the day-to-day happenings in the universe. In 1984, the memory of persons, is efficaciously manipulated, programmed, and controlled from the exterior by the party ( Kolakowski 127 ) . People don # 8217 ; t know what they are consciously retrieving and what is told to them. # 8220 ; The party had invented aeroplanes # 8221 ; ( Orwell 127 ) is merely one illustration of the party # 8217 ; s propaganda and false statements that change every twenty-four hours. The other ground for the journal is so that people in the hereafter will be able to read what went on during Winston # 8217 ; s clip and to state them about his day-to-day contemplations on his feelings about the party. These are the same grounds why Orwell wrote 1984. He wanted to expose a communist state ( the Soviet Union ) . The specific political intent that had aro used Orwell # 8217 ; s sense of urgency was his desire to detonate the myth of the Soviet Union as the paradigm of the socialist province. He besides wanted to expose the dangers of dictatorship, which the devaluation of nonsubjective truth, and the systematic use of the common people through propaganda ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . O # 8217 ; Brien is an source to Big Brother. H e is non who he seems to be. He appears to Winston as a fellow plotter, but really becomes Winston # 8217 ; s torturer and rehabilitator. O # 8217 ; Brien and the party can # 8217 ; t digest Winston # 8217 ; s treachery of the authorities. O # 8217 ; Brien tells his victim: You are a defect in the form, Winston. You are a discoloration that must be wiped out # 8230 ; It is unbearable that an erroneous idea should be anyplace in the universe, nevertheless secret and powerless it may be. ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . In fact, the party can # 8217 ; t grok his incredulity and must alter his ideas through anguish and brainwash. # 8220 ; You will be hollow. We shall squash you empty and so we shall make full you with ourselves # 8221 ; ( Orwell 200 ) . O # 8217 ; Brien represents the nucleus of Communist or totalitarian regulation, doing the victims suffer by utilizing brainwashing to command them. O # 8217 ; Brien besides tells Winston what he should experience abou t Big Brother when Winston is at his lowest point mentally and physically. O # 8217 ; Brien # 8217 ; s addresss to the broken Winsto N Smith in the Thought Polices # 8217 ; torture chamber represents for Orwell the nucleus of our century # 8217 ; s political hideousness. Although O # 8217 ; Brien says that power seeks power and needs no ideological alibi. he does in fact explain to his victim what this power is ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Julia is considered a sexual pervert in the laden universe of 1984. In a normal universe sex is free, in 1984 it # 8217 ; s a forbidden act merely allowed for reproduction intents to maintain the party # 8217 ; s Numberss changeless. Julia has been sexually active since her teenage old ages. # 8220 ; She had had her foremost love matter when she was 16, with a party member of 60 # 8221 ; ( Orwell 109 ) . Love and sex is non allowed in this totalitarian province so Julia has to look every bit pure as possible so that she does no n demo any guilt. # 8220 ; You thought I was a good party member, pure in word and title. Banners, emanations, mottos, games, community hikings all that material. And you [ Winston ] thought that if I had a one-fourth of a opportunity I # 8217 ; d denounce you as a thought felon and acquire you killed off # 8221 ; ( 101 ) . The proprietor of the old-timer store is another illustration of person looking to be what he is non. Orwell uses the store proprietor to exemplify a point. Orwell shows that no 1 can be trusted in a totalitarian state. Person who appears to be your friend will really turn you in and have you killed. The store proprietor appears to be an old widowman who enjoys holding conversations with Winston Smith. Throughout the book it can be seen that looks can be lead oning. He is really a member of the Thought Police and gets a good laugh when Winston and Julia acquiring caught. Now all he can make is wait for his following victim to come in his shop. The Ministry of Truth is a topographic point where history and facts # 8211 ; important and undistinguished are rewritten to reflect the party # 8217 ; s Utopian beliefs. They exhaustively destroy the records of the yesteryear ; they print up new, up to-date editions of old newspapers and books ; and they know corrected versions will be replaced by another, re-corrected one. Their end is to do people bury everything- facts, words, dead people, the names of topographic points. How far they win in killing the yesteryear is non to the full established in Orwell # 8217 ; s description ; clearly they try difficult and they score impressive consequences. The ideal of complete limbo may non hold been reached, yet farther advancement is to be expressed ( Kolakowski 126 ) . Winston and Julia are workers at the Ministry of Truth. Winston gets more mentally involved in his work than Julia. # 8220 ; Winston Smith and his chaps at the Ministry of Truth spend their yearss rewriting the yesteryear: Most of th e stuff you were covering with had no connexion with anything in the existent universe, non even the sort of connexion that is contained in a direct prevarication # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Winston is non as strong mentally as Julia. His work affects him more. The Ministry of Truth is like a totalitarian state, because it has ways to frighten its citizens. People guilty of offenses are erased from holding of all time existed. # 8220 ; Your name was removed from the registries, every record of your being was denied and so bury # 8221 ; ( Orwell 19 ) . Again people were taken off without any rights. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; there was no test no study of apprehension # 8221 ; ( 19 ) . The existent intent of the Ministry of Truth is to distribute prevarications and to hold control over its citizens utilizing memory wipe outing techniques. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the differentiation between true and false in their usual significance has disappea ruddy. This is the great cognitive victory of dictatorship: it can non be accused of lying any longer since it has succeeded in abrogating the really thought of truth ( Kolakowski 127 ) . These same control techniques are used by totalitarian states that seek control over at that place citizens. The Ministry of Truth is a complete contradiction of itself. A Ministry of Truth should non alter past happenings or say people neer existed. It should represent the truth and non wipe out records of the being of people. The Ministry of Love is where all felons are tortured, rehabilitated, so put free or killed. Equally shortly as Winston is captured he knows he is traveling to the Ministry of Love. The Ministry of Love was the truly scaring one. There were no Windowss in it at all. Winston had neer been inside the Ministry of Love, nor within half a kilometre of it. It was a topographic point impossible to come in except on offical concern, and so merely by perforating throu gh a labyrinth of barbed-wire webs, steel doors, and concealed machine-gun nests. Even the streets taking up to its outer barriers were roamed by gorilla-faced guards in black uniforms, armed with jointed nightsticks ( Orwell 8 ) . In a totalitarian province something resembling a Ministry of Love is common topographic point. It # 8217 ; s a topographic point where the authorities can bring down hurting on its topics for offenses large and little. That is how totalitarian states maintain, power over their citizens # 8211 ; by fright of hurting. The name Ministry of Love is a contradiction of itself. Its name shows a feeling of love and heat, but in actuality it # 8217 ; s the complete antonym. It # 8217 ; s a topographic point of hatred and hurting and is cold and dark. A better name for it would be the Ministry of Hate. George Orwell lived during a clip when Europe was in a period of reconstructing after World War II. During that clip Soviets gained six states as orbiters. England was incapacitated and had to worry about their ain jobs and had to watch the Soviet Union take control of half of Germany. The leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin, closely resembles Big Brother. They were both larger than life figures in there several states. In the Soviet Union you could easy hold found big postings with Stalin # 8217 ; s face on them. The same holds true in 1984 ; Big Brother # 8217 ; s face is everyplace. A celebrated quotation mark from 1984 is # 8220 ; Big Brother is watching you # 8221 ; ( Orwell 5 ) . Meaning if his Thought Police don # 8217 ; t catch you, his telescreens and concealed mikes would. In the Soviet Union, Stalin # 8217 ; s K.G.B. sought felons who plotted against the authorities. In Stalin # 8217 ; s government over 10 million people were killed. In 1984 100s of felons were killed daily. Another facet of the 1940 # 8217 ; s were the new broadcast T.V. # 8217 ; s and mainframe computing machines. The new engineerings could be used for agencies of control. Orwell s aw communist states utilizing these engineerings for control ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . This is where Orwell # 8217 ; s thought of telescreens and concealed mikes came from. Before World War II, Orwell had his worst brush with Communists. While Orwell was in the Spanish Civil War, he was running off from Soviet Communists who were seeking to kill him. After that experience he got out of the ground forces and became a author full clip. # 8220 ; Another daze to Orwell was when the Nazi-Soviet treaty signaled the dislocation and the beginning of the mental and emotional province out of which grew Animal Farm and 1984 # 8243 ; ( Greenblast 105 ) . Orwell may of hold extracted what he saw in his universe while composing but it was done to acquire people # 8217 ; s attending of jobs in the bing universe. # 8220 ; Orwell # 8217 ; s primary intent is to falsify upseting conditions inclinations and wonts of idea that he saw bing in the universe # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Orwell saw, the whole universe steadily traveling toward a huge ruthless dictatorship. He felt nil could halt it # 8217 ; s monstrous advancement. 1984, in malice of its scene in the hereafter, is non chiefly a Utopian phantasy vaticinating what the universe will be like in 30 or 40 old ages but a novel about what the universe is like now ( Greenblast 112 ) . Orwell ever relates characters in his books to points of position and existent people. In Animal Farm every farm animate being represents a individual in the Soviet Union. In 1984, Orwell represents his point of position in Winston. He shows a totalitarian leader, in O # 8217 ; Brien and Big Brother, while Julia is the desire and lecherousness in every human being. George Orwell had deep bitterness against dictatorship and what it stood for. He saw the job of dictatorship in his existing universe. He besides understood how the job could maturate and go larger due to instability in Europe # 8217 ; s econ omic system after World War II. He intentionally makes the narrative, 1984, unrealistic and blown out of proportion to capture people # 8217 ; s attending and do them believe possibly it wouldn # 8217 ; t be unrealistic in the close hereafter. With his deep bitterness toward dictatorship it became the focal point of his novels. George Orwell # 8217 ; s, novels were directed toward against dictatorship and for Socialism and what it stood for. 1984, Bibliography Andrews, Paul. # 8220 ; 1984 Plus 10. # 8221 ; The Seattle Times 6 March 1994: A1+ . Black, David. # 8220 ; Wider Still and Wider # 8221 ; European 25 October 1991: 8-9. Daley, Alan L. George Orwell, Writer and Critic of Modern Society. Charlottesville: Samhar Press, 1974. Deutscher, Isaac. # 8220 ; 1984-The Mysticsm of Cruelty. # 8221 ; George Orwell, A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 119- 132. # 8220 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; Detecting Writers. 1993 erectile dysfunction. Gale Research Inc. , 1993. Greenblast, Stephen J. # 8220 ; Orwell as Satirist. # 8221 ; George Orwell, ACollection Of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 103-118. Huber, Peter. # 8220 ; Bye -Bye, Big Brother. # 8221 ; National Review 15 August 1994: 48-50. Kolakowski, Leszek. # 8220 ; Totalitarianism and the virtuousness of the Lie. # 8221 ; 1984 Revisited, Totalitarianism In Our Century. Ed. Irving Howe. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 122-136. Leyden, Peter. # 8220 ; On the Digital Age: Dawn of a Second Renaissance # 8221 ; Star Tribune 25 June 1995: 1t+ . Orwell, George. 1984. New York: The New American Library Inc. , 1983. Reilly, Patrick. Nineteen Eighty-Four, Past, Present, and Future. Boston G.K. Hall and Co. , 1989. Stansky, Peter and William Abrahams. Orwell: The Transformation. London: Gramala Publishing Limited, 1981. Tucker, Robert C. # 8220 ; Does Big Brother Really Exist? # 8221 ; 1984 Re visited, Totalitarianism In Your Century. Ed. Irving Howe, New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 89-103. Verity, John W. # 8220 ; Why Big Brother Isn # 8217 ; t Watching You. # 8221 ; Business Week 9 January, 1995: 15- 16. Weight, Richard. # 8220 ; Return To Albion, Intellectuals in Wartime Britain. # 8221 ; History Today. December 1994: 37-43.

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