Milgram experiment analysis The WritePass Journal

Milgram experiment analysis Milgram’s Study of Obedience Milgram experiment analysis Milgram’s Study of ObedienceSituational InfluenceReferencesRelated Milgram’s Study of Obedience The name Stanley Milgram is eponymous with the study of obedience. In his controversial 1970s study of the human behaviour, Milgram (1974) discovered that when under direction from a member of authority, study participants could be instructed to inflict a 450 volt electric shock on another individual.. In one study, Milgram (1974) assigned participants to the role of ‘teacher’ or ‘learner’. Unbeknown to the participants, they would only ever be assigned to the role of teacher. As the teacher, participants were told that they were to investigate the effects of punishment on learning. The teacher administered a learning task to the learner who was based in a different room, and the learner indicated their response through buttons that lit up answer lights on the teacher’s side of the wall. When the learners provided incorrect answers, the participants were instructed by the experimenter to administer the learner an electric shock. Again, unbeknown to the participant teachers, the shocks were not actually administered and the learners were acting confederates. The teacher was also instructed to increase the voltage of the electric shock with each wrong answer provided. As the voltage reached 150 volts, the learner would scream cries of protest, which c ould be heard by the teacher participant through the wall. At 300 volts, the learner refused to answer the question, and at 330 volts they made no response at all to the shock, suggestive of lack of consciousness. Whenever the participant faltered or showed signs of resistance to administering the shock, they would be prompted to continue by the experimenter. The experiment only ended when the teacher refused to administer the shock in response to instruction after four prompts, or after the maximum shock had been given. In 65% of cases, the participants administered the maximum shock of 450 volts, a shock that was marked on the severity as â€Å"XXX†, following the description â€Å"Danger: Severe Shock† at 375 volts. Milgram’s (1974) demonstration of the unsettling capabilities of human behaviour presents many questions as to why so many people had not stopped administering the shocks when they knew that the learner was in significant distress. Was it that these individuals would have acted this way whatever the circumstance? Were they examples of the malevolent side of human nature? Or were there many contributing factors about the circumstance that led these individuals to behave in such a way contrary to all expectations of human benefiance? This essay will aim to address these questions through the work of Milgram and his contemporaries. Situational Influence The findings of an earlier study by Milgram (1963) provided evidence that the individuals administering the shocks were not acting out of their own desire for cruelty, but instead were acting in conflict with their wanted or expected behaviour. Milgram (1963) found that administering shocks caused the participants to experience â€Å"extreme nervous tension†, demonstrated by sweating, trembling, stuttering, and even nervous laughter. Burger (2009) proposes that despite the many attempts to interpret the results of Milgram’s (1974) experiment, the main point of consensus is the importance of situational forces in influencing an individual’s behaviour. Additionally suggesting that this is something underestimated by most individuals. This was highlighted by the opinions of Yale students and psychiatrists who were unanimous in their belief that virtually no one would continue the experiment to the point of maximal shock (Milgram, 1974). Burger (2009) suggests a compelling reason as to Milgram’s participants were so ready to administer potentially lethal shocks under the instruction of the experimenter; that of the power of authority. The experiment provides a seminal example of the phenomenon of obedience, where individuals conform (often against their will) to an authority figure (Martin Hewstone, 2009). This obedience to authority in the abandonment of alliance to morality (Elms, 1995) is something that has not only been demonstrated in research studies, observed from the abhorrent crimes committed by those under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany (Cialdini Goldstein, 2004), to the behaviours of suicidal religious cults. Whilst Milgram’s (1974) experimenter had both legitimacy and expertise (Morelli, 1983) with affiliation to the university, the experiment, and to science (Burger, 2009), other obedience has been shown to occur in the absence of this (Blass, 1999), therefore suggesting other situati onal influences at play. The importance of the experimenter’s expertise may have been of crucial significance in Milgram’s (1974) research, in that the scenario was not one that any of the participants had experienced before. Burger (2009) proposes that in the absence of any other sources of information, the participants turn to the reassurance of the experimenter who does not seem perturbed by the cries from the learner and insists on the continuation of the experiment. In this case, it may be suggested that the participants defer to the expertise of the experimenter, believing that they will instruct the most appropriate action. As purported by Milgram (1974), this has powerful implications for the determining effect of the situation on the action of individuals. Kolowsky et al. (2001) suggest two types of authority; that derived from soft influences which results from factors within the influencing agent (eg. Credibility and expertise) and that derived from external social structures (such as hierarchy) known as harsh sources. It may be concluded that Milgram’s experimenter portrayed both of these, perhaps explaining why the situation induced such high levels of obedience. Burger (2009) also suggests that the levels of obedience of the participants in Milgram’s (1974) experiment may be attributed to the gradual increase in demands of the experimenter. He suggests that the 15-volt increments created a task that gradually increased in demand being put on the participants. Initially participants would provide shocks to the learner causing only a slight discomfort, however, by the end of the experiment, the participants were agreeing to give shocks that were labelled ‘Severe’. Freedman and Fraser (1966) demonstrated the power of the so called ‘foot-in-the-door’ effect, showing that individuals that first complied with a small, minimally invasive request were more likely to comply with a larger related request. The authors proposed that the situation inflicted a change upon the participants’ self-perception, where upon agreeing to the first request they ascribe the traits reflecting their previous actions (ie. I am so meone that complies with such requests) which then influences their subsequent actions. Burger (2009) suggests that the desire for personal consistency may be a factor with such incremental voltage increase, where refusing the 195 volt shock would be difficult having just pressed the 180 volt switch. The Milgram (1974) experiment also raises the question of the role of responsibility in obedience. Under authority, it may have been that the individuals were able to go ahead with the behaviour due to a diminished sense of responsibility for their actions. Bandura (1999) suggests that this occurs as when not perceiving themselves as the agents of their actions, individuals are therefore spared their self-condemning reactions. It appears, therefore, that given a different situation, many of the participants in Milgram’s (1974) experiment may have acted differently. Questions are raised as to whether they would have committed the same act without a diminished responsibility, or if the experimenter had initially asked them to give the learner the highest voltage shock. Zimbardo (1972) illustrates the importance of the situation on the influence of human behaviour in his ‘Stanford Prison Experiment’. Randomly assigned to be prisoners or guards, participants in Zimbardo’s (1972) experiment took on their roles with extremity and haste. With relevance to the behaviour elicited by Milgram in his experiments, the behaviour of the guards is of particular interest. Once given the power-laden role (Zimbardo, 1972), and faced with prisoner rebellion, the guards used physical and psychological tactics to confuse, intimidate, and harass the prisoners. Whilst not obeying any particular authority except for the demands of the experiment, these ‘guards’ had become blinded by the situation, illustrating how situational confines can dramatically alter behavioural norms. By day 5 of the experiment, prisoners were withdrawn and behaving in pathological ways. None of the people involved in the experiment called a halt to the experiment , which had, by day 6, become of very questionable morality. In Zimbardo’s (1972) experiment, the guards, selected for being representative of the average middle class American, with above average intelligence and emotional stability (Haney, Banks Zimbardo, 1973), displayed anti-social and pathological behaviour, a phenomenon later described by Zimbardo as ‘The Lucifer Effect’ (Zimbardo, 2007). This was something that Haney et al. (1973) suggested occurred as a result of the pathology of the situation rather than the nature of those that entered it. With the nature of the situation suggested as such a powerful influence over human obedience, the work of Burger (2009) helps to investigate the factors underlying the phenomenon of such morally deviant behaviour. Burger (2009) replicated the work of Milgram (1974), with the aim of further investigating the situational factors underlying the high levels of obedience to the experimenter in such a scenario. Due to ethical constraints, Burger’s (2009) participants were only allowed to continue to the 150 volt shock, at which point the learner confederate would protest greatly and make reference to a heart condition. The experiment ended either if the participant refused to continue, or when they read the next question out to the learner. The study included an added condition in which participants saw a previous participant (who was a confederate) refuse to administer any shocks over 90 volts. The results of Burger’s (2009) study showed that in the same situation some 40 ye ars later, individuals still succumb to the situational factors and obey the experimenter’s instructions. Interestingly, Burger (2009) also found that despite seeing another teacher decline to administer any further shocks, and receive no negative consequences, participants took over the shock administration and continued the experiment. He took this as evidence of the power of the situation, where even a small normative influence was not enough use as an inference of how to behave in the situation. Burger’s (2009) research, does however, rely on the assumption that those administering 150 volt shocks would have continued to administer shocks up to the maximum voltage. There may have been individuals that would have stopped after this point that would not have been considered as doing so in the results of the study, which may lead to a false interpretation of individuals’ obedience. Despite this, review articles have suggested it to be a convincing alternative end point (Packer, 2008; Miller, 2009). Another issue raised by Miller (2009) regarding Burger’s (2009) replication of Milgram’s (1974) study, is the screening out of those participants that might experience high degrees of emotion or distress. The effects of this on the results are two-fold. Initially, the experiment therefore is less likely to show any of the adverse emotional effects of conflict which was a particularly powerful finding from Milgram (1974) (Miller, 2009). Additionally, it may be that those participants that would have experienced more emotion and distress were those that would have stopped administering the shocks before 150 volts. It has been suggested that in his quest to provide an ethical replication of Milgram (1974), Burger (2009) may have failed to replicate the experiment at all (Miller, 2009). Much of the research from Milgram and his contemporaries points to the powerful influences of the situation on behaviour, and this is supported by further evidence from Burger’s (2009) replication of the Milgram (1974) experiment. Whilst those with high empathetic concern (as assessed by a personality questionnaire) expressed a greater reluctance to continue administering shocks compared to those with low scores for this trait, they did not refuse to continue at any earlier point. This shows that even individuals that one would consider less likely to commit such actions were influenced by the situational power. It was found, however, that those with a high desire for control were more likely to disobey the experimenter and act on their own feelings, terminating the shocks at an earlier stage than those with less of a desire for control. This was not found in the situation where the other confederate teacher declined to administer any shocks however. This shows that there is s ome modulation of behaviour as a result of personality, but suggests that the specific influences of personality interact greatly with the situation and context. Conclusion Evidence suggests that the behaviour of obedience is strongly determined by a variety of situational factors, and that the power of these can be so great that individuals will obey an authority figure even regardless of the consequences. Factors of diminished responsibility, credibility and expertise of the experimenter, social hierarchy, and gradual increases in demands have all been shown to increase the likelihood of obedience. These have even been shown to supersede the power of someone disobeying the authority (as in the case of Burger 2009). The power of situational influence on obedience in society has huge implications. Obedience to an authority can be hugely detrimental as demonstrated by Milgram (1973). These situations appear to most often occur when the authority figure is attributed misplaced expertise and status. For example, obedience to an aeroplane pilot who is in error can have catastrophic consequences (Tarnow, 1999), and dictatorships have resulted in obedience that has led to the suffering of millions throughout history. Obedience does have its role in the functioning of society however, and as an alternative to disobedience, is portrayed as a positive trait from an early age. Most organisations require the obedience to authority as a norm, with an inefficient operation if this was not the case (Cialdini Goldstein, 2004). However, again, obedience relies on the authority figure having the morals and interest of society in consideration, as even in the scenario of business, personnel managers have been sho wn to discriminate against employees on the basis of race when instructed by an authority figure (Brief et al., 1995). The belief that it is not so much the man, but the situation which determines how he will act (Milgram, 1974) carries a strong onus for creating an authority and situation which promotes what is perceived as ‘good’ behaviour. It suggests that whilst people may have their own beliefs and morals, these can be easily acted against in certain circumstances. This may explain civilised society’s pursuit for rules, regulations and the attributing of individual responsibility. It has disastrous implications however, for a society ruled under the wrong hands. References Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities.Personality and social psychology review,  3(3), 193-209. Blass, T. (1999). The Milgram Paradigm After 35 Years: Some Things We Now Know About Obedience to Authority1.  Journal of applied social psychology,29(5), 955-978. Brief, A. P., Buttram, R. T., Elliott, J. D., Reizenstein, R. M., McCline, R. L. (1995). Releasing the beast: A study of compliance with orders to use race as a selection criterion.  Journal of Social Issues,  51(3), 177-193. Burger, J. M. (2009). Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today?.American Psychologist,  64(1), 1. Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social inï ¬â€šuence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591–621. Elms, A. C. (1995). Obedience in retrospect. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 21–31. Freedman, J. L., Fraser, S. C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: the foot-in-the-door technique.  Journal of personality and social psychology,  4(2), 195. Haney, C., Banks, C. Zimbardo, P (1973). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 69-97. Martin Hewstone (2009). In Bickman, Leonard, and Rog, (Eds.) (2009).  The Sage handbook of applied social research methods. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience.  The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,  67(4), 371. Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper Row. Miller, A. G. (2009). Reflections on Replicating Milgram(Burger, 2009). American Psychologist, 64(1), 20-27. Morelli, M. F. (1983). Milgrams dilemma of obedience.  Metaphilosophy,  14(3†4), 183-189. Tarnow, E. (1999). In Blass, T. (Ed.). (1999).  Obedience to authority: Current perspectives on the Milgram paradigm. Psychology Press. Zimbardo, P. G. (1972).  The psychology of imprisonment. Society, 9, 4-8. Zimbardo, P. G. (2007).  The Lucifer Effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. New York: Random House.

Play and pedagogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Play and pedagogy - Essay Example Research has indicated that through play, they are able to develop mentally, physically and emotionally. In terms of social development, children are able to develop their language skills and interaction with others. Children who appear shy are said to become more confident when they are allowed to play. This is owing to the fact that through playing, they are able to open up and interact with the rest of the pupils. Intelligence in children has also been attributed to the same social phenomena. It assists children to develop mentally and reason when they are faced with different challenges. For instance, some games played by children require that major decision-making. In the process, such children are able to develop mentally and deal with different challenges in life. Play has also been imperative when a teacher want to know the talents of such children. One can tell whether a child has leadership skills through this. This is by observing how the children behave when they are inte racting with the environment through play. For understanding important play and pedagogy, the following observation was done in a kindergarten setting. I visited a certain kindergarten with a view to observe how play and pedagogy assist in child development. After receiving permission from the administration, I was allowed to walk into the classroom as well as the field of play to make observation and note down. The following are some of the observations that I was able to make Day 1 Class setting The setting of the classroom in itself indicates that children are supposed to learn through physical illustrations. On the walls, there were different charts, which had different kinds of drawings, some of which had been made by the children. The charts had alphabets, and drawings that represented every word. For instance, in a letter ‘C’ there was a large cat that was drawn to make it easy for the children to understand. The class had large tables with chairs where the child ren were supposed to sit. However, there was a large space in the classroom, which had been left for a purpose. At one corner of the classroom, there was a television set which is use sometimes by the teachers to pass important information to the children. Windows are higher to ensure that children are not distracted. The design of the classroom indicates that safety measures have been taken to protect the children against any form of harm. The pupils In this particular study, I sampled out two pupils that I would use in making observations. They were Jane and James. The pupils observed were between 3-4 years of age. They were jovial as they went on with their activities in school. One of the most striking features is that the pupils came from different sociocultural backgrounds. The class had full representation of different cultures. On the other hand, the class was designed in a way that it would allow children with special needs to be included. The class had two children who wer e physically challenged. They were however able to appreciate learning just like any other normal children. The teacher would ensure that such children got special attention to facilitate learning. Teaching procedures Immediately the children enter the classroom, they are required to get into a circle. Jane and James and the rest of the chilren hold hands as they begin singing songs that

DQ 7 m 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

DQ 7 m 5 - Essay Example Whereas it is believed that all traits of leadership cannot be taken as a concrete path but can be observed as per situation and according to the system of an organization. In the article, â€Å"What a Racquet?† it is briefed that the success of Wilson’s Company is based on the approach towards observing leadership style in his organization. The main reason of its successful journey is the charismatic approach. Charismatic Leadership is based on the leader’s exceptional insights and foresightedness to understand and predict all the consequences if certain things lack, therefore immediate measures are taken to avoid loss before hand (Raelin, J. A. (2003). Weber refers Charismatic Leadership as a more spiritual belief or connection between a leader and his followers. Author refers Jim Baugh as a charismatic leader because he possibly worked for the reasons of failures and he worked his best to come up with a product which fulfills the customers’ demands with perfection. In my opinion, he firstly worked on the issues which can cause major loss if not addressed initially and immediately, like knowing the customer’s demand before designing a product can assure sales or concentrating on the key point of marketing a product can publicize to acknowledge mass majorities (John Bell, 1997) Charismatic Leadership is something which is not produced artificially after training, but it’s a niche of a person which can be groomed but cannot be infused. Meindl says that it is a social contagion, which is slightly arguable because there are many options or business tactics which are common and can be observed easily like Jim Baugh did but Leaders sometimes skip them though they are proved to be good leaders with appropriate sense of leadership. It is because they lack foresightedness or their instincts are not approaching for the things that should be done before to avoid negative repercussions. (David Obstfeld, 2005) Sensemaking is

Gallery Review - Nancy Lang Essay Example for Free

Gallery Review Nancy Lang Essay Today, the 9th of March, I have heard of the Pyo Gallery, and as soon as I heard that it was in Wangjing, I changed my plan from going to the Dashanzi District to trying the new place. It was hidden in several other galleries. I was lucky to get there before the exhibition time was over. The owner was a Korean, who kindly explained some paintings for me. I was glad to find out that they currently had an exhibition of Nancy Langs art. I have always wanted to find out more about Nancy Lang ever since I have seen her in person at the art fare I have been to, in Korea last summer. There was her trademark series of Taboo Yogini paintings of which I have seen one piece of it before. Among all of the paintings that looked similar in overall size and image, I preferred this particular painting the most. Nancy Lang is an American born-Korean Pop artist who is very young and innovative. This piece of her is named the Taboo Yogini, Swinger and has an enormous size of 210 x 175 cm. She used mixed media on canvas to create this huge piece. This painting was finished in the year 2006, when she was 27. On this humungous canvas, there is a big character in the middle which has the body of a robot and a head of a girl with some abstract and obscure figures as legs. The subject has a basket full of tennis balls in its right hand. The light-blue background is solid with no value. The most interesting aspect about this art piece is the mysterious figure placed in the center holding the viewers attention. This piece looks more like a collage than a painting with images attached on the screen. The positive space is the one and only subject on the canvas. The body, which appears to be a robot, contains the three primary colors with a considerable amount of white. These colors together form a fancy image of a childs robot toy, attracting the viewers eyes to the center of the figure, which is where the head is placed. An image of the head of a human girl is used, juxtaposing the robot body. In the figures right hand there is a basket of lime green tennis balls. In the lower part of the art piece, as the legs of the main subject there are two obscure figures that could be hardly described. On the left side there is a fan shaped quadrilateral printed on a shiny material, and on the right side there is a figure that seems like a mixture of blood vessels and bones. The objects do not seem to have any connection between them, but as a whole they get together very well forming one huge body. The negative space is painted in one tone of light-blue, which helps the subject to stand out. Unlike its visual texture the actual texture of the piece is very smooth just like a painting. Nancy Lang is famous for her mysterious art pieces and unconventional performances. She is a multi-talented young woman who wants to be famous and rich, according to her own words. She actually has played a violin in the middle of a street wearing Victoria Secret lingerie and red high heels with kabuki style makeup. In her series of Taboo Yogini, she mixes up diverse icons to create a sort of cyborg that she declares to be the ironical face of the democracies we live in. According to her, this character Yogini, which originally means a yoga trainee, points to an existence between an angel and devil. So the name of her series Taboo Yogini is in a way representing both good and bad. I think the half-robots that appear on her pieces also represent Nancy Lang herself and the various different sides of her. Nancy Langs paintings are very obscure and difficult to understand. When I first looked at this piece, I was totally blown away by the innovative design of the image. However, I could never see the ironical face of the democracies before I read the explanation. These mystical figures, which look almost like monsters, keep appearing on her canvases expanding the viewers imagination and interpretation of them. Still, I think they are insufficient to clearly deliver the authors true intention of creating such images. Nevertheless, it is impossible for one to see through the genuine mind of an author. I really like Nancy Lang and her innovative spirit. She is afraid of nothing, even the awkward stare of others.

SUV Instability Essay -- essays research papers

The Instability of Sport Utility Vehicles As the ambulance slowly pulls away from the accident, a police officer stops to ponder how different this crash was from all the others in which a Sport Utility Vehicle was involved. He realizes it is no different at all. SUVs are the leaders in rollover crashes in the United States which includes all vehicles of make and model. They have been around for an extremely long time but, so have their problems. However, there were no problems actually documented due to the incredible instability of the cars during the first time period in which SUVs were created. Although extremely popular and useful, Sport Utility Vehicles are extremely dangerous and highly susceptible to roll over in sharp turns and high speeds. Reasons for such crashes include things like high ranking executives ignoring engineers’ warnings about the potential hazard of the vehicles, and high speeds mixing with sharp turns. Also, over- and/or under- inflated tires on a top-heavy, high-centered vehicle. Sport Utility Vehicles are extremely popular. A few reasons are for their all-terrain capabilities, the feeling of safety people have while their driving them, and their seating capacity. However, it is also for these reasons they are unstable. The false feeling of safety leads people to be careless while driving them, and/or leads people to feel â€Å"in charge† of the road thereby creating a higher chance of an accident or rollover. The history of the Sport Utility Vehicle and its unique problems with rolling over in high speed fast reaction situations starts almost at the beginning of the car. According to John D. Pietro, the Suburban was â€Å"[i]ntroduced way back in 1936, the Chevrolet (and GMC) Suburban was based on a commercial panel truck, but instead of having a huge, windowless cargo area there was a large passenger compartment† (The History). The early makers of General Motor Company, (GMC), saw potential in building a vehicle which could carry more people and still be useful in big jobs such as construction. GMC was the â€Å"first† company to build an SUV. The title of the â€Å"first SUV and/or high capacity vehicle maker†, however, is still up for debate. Such a part in the debate is â€Å"[i]n 1934, the name was shortened to "Westchester Suburban" and Dodge was selling them to the army† (The ... ... or under inflated tires on a top heavy, high centered vehicle. All these combined with the everyday hazards of normal driving in traffic or high stress situations create a large potential for fatalistic and harm causing incidents. Work Cited: Dipietrom, John. A Chevrolet/GMC/Suburban History. 6 Dec. 2001. 17 Oct. 2002 Grimaldi, James V., and Cindy Skrzycki. â€Å"SUV instability led to Ford advising low tire pressure.† ChicagoSuntimes.com. 21 Aug. 2000. 25 Sept., 2002 Healey, James R.. â€Å"Crash study ranks deadly vehicles† USA Today 23 Oct. 2000: 34 The History Of The Suburban, 2 June 2000. 17 Oct. 2002 Lisante, Joan E. â€Å"Explorer Goes on Trial.† ConsumerAffairs.com. 8 Jan. 2001. 25 Sept., 2002. Pittle, R. David. â€Å"Consumer Reports Responds to Mitsubishi Statements Regarding Its Tests of the 2001 Mitsubishi Montero Limited.† Consumersunion.com. 21 June 2001.25 Sept. 2002 Solomon, David. Nutz and Boltz Automotive Survival Guide. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1997 SUVrollovernews.com. 17 Oct., 2002 â€Å"SUVs: Escalating Risks On The Highways,† SUVSafety.org. 25 Sept., 2002. Van Sickle, Dave. 2002 New Cars and Trucks. Heathrow, Florida: AAA Publishing, 2002.

This briefing is in relation to the Inquiry into Skills Shortages in Rural and Regional NSW

This briefing is in relation to the Inquiry into Skills Shortages in Rural and Regional NSW. This paper will outline the problems around the methods used by training organisations including TAFE to assess skill needs in rural and regional NSW and their response. This paper will also look into what the causes of these problems are, who are the stakeholders and how are they affected and recommendations on solutions. BACKGROUND: The communities of rural and regional areas recognise that the supply of skilled tradespersons in their communities does not meet the current demand and that skill shortages are projected to increase. 2In the context of the Riverina Institute Griffith is a medium sized campus that has demonstrated significant and sustainable growth over the past five years. Over the past 6 years the campus has experienced a significant increase in facilities and a concomitant increase in full time and part time teaching staff. To address the growing demand for skilled and well trained staff in the region Griffith campus has consistently amended its course offerings and has, on many occasions, provided extra courses to meet unexpected demand particularly in the trade areas. This is a good example of how much tafe applicant numbers are increasing in rural areas however not all tafe facilities are able to have the funds to support these numbers such as the above example of Griffith campus. 1Futher research in relation to concerns of skills shortages has demonstrated there is a great need to increase the amount of trained tradespersons in the workforces. This also requires the improvement of retention rate during training to reduce occupational wastage as qualified tradespersons leave the industry. There is a fundamental need to ensure that their will be jobs available in the area of where the training took place. This is to prevent skilled trades people leaving rural areas for city life. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS AND CURRENT SITUATION: Individuals – Without a strong working force the economy of a rural community is bound to drop. More people will lose their jobs and families will have to move to find work. Regional Industries – Many regional industries are desperate to expand, but are being hampered by a lack of skilled labour. Councils – A current situation can be seen Wagga Wagga NSW. 3This area is seen as an agricultural powerhouse creating up to $6.5 billion per year. But the hearing has demonstrated that the region's future growth may be limited by a shortage of workers. Stakeholders in the Riverina believe that a lack of affordable housing and limited training opportunities are significant barriers to the recruitment of workers in rural areas. 3For example one of the country's largest chicken meat processors, Bartter Enterprises, already employs more than 1,000 people across the region. The company hopes to increase production from 420,000 to 750,000 birds per week. But their human resources manager John Davis says that depends on being able to source workers. The Riverina wine industry has also experienced significant growth, along with it, an increased demand for workers. 3For example, 10 years ago Casella Wines employed 14 people; today however they have a workforce of 500. Paul Foley is the human resources manager for another of the region's major wineries, De Bortoli Wines. 3He says the winery will employ an extra 80 people for four months during vintage, but recruitment of those workers is a major problem. While the skill shortage is already starting to bite, Leeton Shire Council is looking to the future. General manager of Leeton Shire Council Ray Pluis says local training opportunities are important for retaining young people in regional centers. This is the third public hearing held as part of this New South Wales parliamentary inquiry. The inquiry's chairman, Labor MLC Tony Catanzeriti, is playing down suggestions the withdrawal of state government services is partly to blame for the difficulties in attracting skilled workers to regional areas. CAUSES: Research of submissions and hearings indicates many causes to skills shortages in rural areas. 4For example Peter Louis & Co submission highlights that withdrawal and reduction of services provided by government agencies and public corporations such as medical services, banking facilities and post offices has impacted on rural communities with people forced to relocate. This is a valid argument as people will would to live in areas that have necessities such as medical centers and post offices easily available. Not only will people leave an area to get closer to these facilities but also people will not even bother moving to a rural area if it is lacking of such facilities. This also states that the campus of tafe in Illawarra confirmed that whilst TAFE provided many course not all of them were specific to the area. 4Also the tafe kept no record of students who completed and whether they stayed or left the area. This causes the problem of not allowing statistics to be examined to get an accurate understanding of the educational needs in rural areas. This also is an extremely good point and the basis of a strange argument. How can the tafe possibly know to what extent its passing students are having on the rural community if they keep no record of what the students achieve after accomplishing their education? 5Mr Bill Archer in his submission highlights two major causes of unskilled workers in rural areas. The first major cause is the distance that an apprentice in the rural areas would have to travel to receive an education. The further the distance the more it will cost the apprentice to travel so therefore becomes another incentive to not bother receiving an education. 7Transport has got to be one of the most major causes of skills shortages in rural areas the requirement for apprentices to travel such large distances to get to college is a major problem. Many rural areas have a very limited access to frequent public transport. Also transport subsidies are not available to young people if the vehicle they have access to is not in their name and even if they are entitled to it, the amount is pitifully inadequate. Public transport is a very important requirement as there are many dangers of country driving for young inexperienced drivers with early starts, late finishes and long distances. 7These present very real Occupational Health and Safety risks. 5The second major cause is that once an apprentice receives the education they need they are then able to move to the city were they can make more money doing their job. This is a major incentive for skilled workers to leave the rural areas and therefore leaving many jobs in rural areas left open with nobody with the skills to work them. This effects many stakeholders. The owner of the business who had spent the last few years training the apprentice must now start the cycle again. The community also suffers as there is one less person providing a service. That is why the government must find efficient ways of keeping skilled workers in rural areas as they are fundamental to the survival of the community. Tafe teachers however in their submission do not believe that these are the major causes of skill shortages in rural areas. 7Their members point out that there are large shortages in areas where pay and conditions are poorest, eg a lot of qualified mechanics aren't working in their trade areas, because they can earn more money driving a truck. It is therefore not just a matter of addressing skills shortages but also pay conditions and how vocations are perceived by the public. The issue of public perception of skilled trades people has not been addressed successfully by governments. RECOMMENDATION: Set forth are a number of recommendations as to the problems Councils in regional areas should encourage â€Å"stay local and contract local businesses.† The government should provide funding to provide a Rural Work Income Insurance policy to assist tradesmen in situations that they cannot work as are establishing a new business. Encourage major employers to establish 12 month contracts, particularly in rural areas. This will help to increase not only employment but also the economy of the community. Contracts will keep people in the area and as the business grows more jobs become available. Which leads to people moving to the area specifically for work. Encourage training organizations like the Charles Sturt University and Tafe's to develop seminars and spend time to educate businesses within rural areas to adopt new business practices, Governments should make sure that rural areas have all the facilities required to encourage population growth in that area. Facilities such as medical centers, post offices and schools, should be located in all rural towns. Government should place more funding into Traineeships. 1Traineeships are ideal for employers who have a specific need for one Trainee in a given area. Traineeships can be offered/conducted in a variety of ways with the main option taken by employers being an ‘On the Job† Traineeship. By providing Funding to Tafe institutions and providing employer incentives to business's that provide traineeships to unskilled workers will be a major step in reducing the current problem of unskilled workers. 6Another recommendation would be the implementation of more courses done through distance correspondence. This allows students in rural areas to do courses from home. Thus distance would no longer be a barrier in the prevention of education for skilled workers. However for the on the job training the Government should allocate funds to areas in desperate need to provide frequent transport to further encourage people to do studies.

Everyday Use Family Comparison Essay - 1050 Words

Family Comparison Most families have amazing memories, but everyone has problems and obstacles they have to overcome. Regardless of Age, race, religion, faiths and beliefs, these predicaments can cause a relationship to become stronger or a flounder. In Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† a family struggles to maintain a healthy relationship. In the Story, Mama tells us how the disengagement affects the family and their home. The family in â€Å"Everyday Use† shares several differences and similarities with my family concerning the loss of home ,sibling jealousy also hard working parents. One of the first correlations my family shares with the family in â€Å"Everyday use† associates with loss of home. For example, It has been ten to twelve years†¦show more content†¦Dee would read to Maggie and Mama with petty. Mama thinks that when Dee gets home she is going to want to tear the house down. Maggie tried to make a dash towards the house when dee arrives home but Mama suddenly pulls her back. This part in the story relates to me so much because my half-sister Kiarra use to live with me in Michigan. When my family moved to South Carolina she did not come with us. She always lived at her mom’s but she came to us every week or weekend depending on the date. We were basically best friends before we moved. Another akin my family shares with the family in â€Å"Everyday use† collaborates with sibling jealousy. For instance, Dee is lighter than Maggie, with voluminous hair and a fuller figure. Dee is also an adult while Maggie is still young. Maggie feels like Dee never obtain the word no. Mama use to think Dee hated Maggie before they raised money to send Dee to Augusta to school. Dee would read to mama and Maggie with such petty; lies, words and habits. Withal Dee always got nice material. Maggie was afraid to look at a white man in his eyes, but Dee can stare down any disaster. Sibling jealousy also occurs in my fa mily too. If I educe something from someone, then everyone in the whole house must capture it. They think it’s arbitrary, so they will badger anybody just to procure it too. It feels like we must eat and breath the same stuff. Dee came out with two quilts. The quilts have been pieced together byShow MoreRelatedComparisson of Mother Tounge and Everyday Use1417 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Hernandez Professor Ali ENC 1102 March 20, 2014 Amy Tans, â€Å"Mother Tongue† and Alice Walkers â€Å"Everyday Use† both share similar traits in their writings of these two short stories. â€Å"Mother Tongue† revolves around the experiences Tan and her mother had due to her mothers English speaking limitations, she also revolves her story around the relationship of a mother and daughter. 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